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setup-ipsec-vpn/docs/ikev2-howto-zh.md

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# 如何配置 IKEv2 VPN: Windows 7 和更新版本
*其他语言版本: [English](ikev2-howto.md), [简体中文](ikev2-howto-zh.md).*
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---
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**重要提示:** 本指南仅适用于**高级用户**。其他用户请使用 <a href="clients-zh.md" target="_blank">IPsec/L2TP</a> 或者 <a href="clients-xauth-zh.md" target="_blank">IPsec/XAuth</a>
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---
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Windows 7 和更新版本支持 IKEv2 协议标准,通过 Microsoft 的 Agile VPN 功能来实现。因特网密钥交换 英语Internet Key Exchange简称 IKE 或 IKEv2是一种网络协议归属于 IPsec 协议族之下,用以创建安全关联 (Security Association, SA)。与 IKE 版本 1 相比较IKEv2 带来许多<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Key_Exchange#Improvements_with_IKEv2" target="_blank">功能改进</a>,比如通过 MOBIKE 实现 Standard Mobility 支持,以及更高的可靠性。
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Libreswan 支持通过使用 RSA 签名算法的 X.509 Machine Certificates 来对 IKEv2 客户端进行身份验证。该方法无需 IPsec PSK, 用户名或密码。它可以用于以下系统:
- Windows 7, 8.x 和 10
- Windows Phone 8.1 及以上
- strongSwan Android VPN 客户端
- <a href="https://github.com/gaomd/docker-ikev2-vpn-server">iOS (iPhone/iPad) 和 OS X (macOS)</a> <-- 请参见
下面举例说明如何在 Libreswan 上配置 IKEv2。
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首先,请确保你已经成功地<a href="https://github.com/hwdsl2/setup-ipsec-vpn" target="_blank">搭建了自己的 VPN 服务器</a>。以下命令必须用 `root` 账户运行。
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1. 获取服务器的公共和私有 IP 地址,并确保它们的值非空。注意,这两个 IP 地址可以相同。
```bash
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$ PUBLIC_IP=$(dig @resolver1.opendns.com -t A -4 myip.opendns.com +short)
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$ PRIVATE_IP=$(ip -4 route get 1 | awk '{print $NF;exit}')
$ echo "$PUBLIC_IP"
(Your public IP is displayed)
$ echo "$PRIVATE_IP"
(Your private IP is displayed)
```
1.`/etc/ipsec.conf` 文件中添加一个新的 IKEv2 连接:
```bash
$ cat >> /etc/ipsec.conf <<EOF
conn ikev2-cp
left=$PRIVATE_IP
leftcert=$PUBLIC_IP
leftid=@$PUBLIC_IP
leftsendcert=always
leftsubnet=0.0.0.0/0
leftrsasigkey=%cert
right=%any
rightaddresspool=192.168.43.10-192.168.43.250
rightca=%same
rightrsasigkey=%cert
modecfgdns1=8.8.8.8
modecfgdns2=8.8.4.4
narrowing=yes
dpddelay=30
dpdtimeout=120
dpdaction=clear
auto=add
ikev2=insist
rekey=no
fragmentation=yes
forceencaps=yes
ike=3des-sha1,aes-sha1,aes256-sha2_512,aes256-sha2_256
phase2alg=3des-sha1,aes-sha1,aes256-sha2_512,aes256-sha2_256
EOF
```
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1. 生成 Certificate Authority (CA) 和 VPN 服务器证书:
注: 使用 "-v" 参数指定证书的有效期(单位:月),例如 "-v 36"。
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```bash
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$ certutil -S -x -n "Example CA" -s "O=Example,CN=Example CA" -k rsa -g 4096 -v 36 -d sql:/etc/ipsec.d -t "CT,," -2
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A random seed must be generated that will be used in the
creation of your key. One of the easiest ways to create a
random seed is to use the timing of keystrokes on a keyboard.
To begin, type keys on the keyboard until this progress meter
is full. DO NOT USE THE AUTOREPEAT FUNCTION ON YOUR KEYBOARD!
Continue typing until the progress meter is full:
|************************************************************|
Finished. Press enter to continue:
Generating key. This may take a few moments...
Is this a CA certificate [y/N]?
y
Enter the path length constraint, enter to skip [<0 for unlimited path]: >
Is this a critical extension [y/N]?
N
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$ certutil -S -c "Example CA" -n "$PUBLIC_IP" -s "O=Example,CN=$PUBLIC_IP" -k rsa -g 4096 -v 36 -d sql:/etc/ipsec.d -t ",," -1 -6 -8 "$PUBLIC_IP"
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A random seed must be generated that will be used in the
creation of your key. One of the easiest ways to create a
random seed is to use the timing of keystrokes on a keyboard.
To begin, type keys on the keyboard until this progress meter
is full. DO NOT USE THE AUTOREPEAT FUNCTION ON YOUR KEYBOARD!
Continue typing until the progress meter is full:
|************************************************************|
Finished. Press enter to continue:
Generating key. This may take a few moments...
0 - Digital Signature
1 - Non-repudiation
2 - Key encipherment
3 - Data encipherment
4 - Key agreement
5 - Cert signing key
6 - CRL signing key
Other to finish
> 0
0 - Digital Signature
1 - Non-repudiation
2 - Key encipherment
3 - Data encipherment
4 - Key agreement
5 - Cert signing key
6 - CRL signing key
Other to finish
> 2
0 - Digital Signature
1 - Non-repudiation
2 - Key encipherment
3 - Data encipherment
4 - Key agreement
5 - Cert signing key
6 - CRL signing key
Other to finish
> 8
Is this a critical extension [y/N]?
N
0 - Server Auth
1 - Client Auth
2 - Code Signing
3 - Email Protection
4 - Timestamp
5 - OCSP Responder
6 - Step-up
7 - Microsoft Trust List Signing
Other to finish
> 0
0 - Server Auth
1 - Client Auth
2 - Code Signing
3 - Email Protection
4 - Timestamp
5 - OCSP Responder
6 - Step-up
7 - Microsoft Trust List Signing
Other to finish
> 8
Is this a critical extension [y/N]?
N
```
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1. 生成客户端证书,并且导出 `.p12` 文件。该文件包含客户端证书,私钥以及 CA 证书:
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```bash
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$ certutil -S -c "Example CA" -n "vpnclient" -s "O=Example,CN=vpnclient" -k rsa -g 4096 -v 36 -d sql:/etc/ipsec.d -t ",," -1 -6 -8 "vpnclient"
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-- repeat same extensions as above --
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$ pk12util -o vpnclient.p12 -n "vpnclient" -d sql:/etc/ipsec.d
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Enter password for PKCS12 file:
Re-enter password:
pk12util: PKCS12 EXPORT SUCCESSFUL
```
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可以重复该步骤来为更多的客户端生成证书,但必须把所有的 `vpnclient` 换成 `vpnclient2`,等等。
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1. 证书数据库现在应该包含以下内容:
```bash
$ certutil -L -d sql:/etc/ipsec.d
Certificate Nickname Trust Attributes
SSL,S/MIME,JAR/XPI
Example CA CTu,u,u
($PUBLIC_IP) u,u,u
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vpnclient u,u,u
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```
注:如需删除证书,可运行命令 `certutil -D -d sql:/etc/ipsec.d -n "Certificate Nickname"`
1. 重启 IPsec 服务:
```bash
$ service ipsec restart
```
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1. 文件 `vpnclient.p12` 应该被安全地传送到 VPN 客户端设备。下一步:
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#### Windows 7, 8.x 和 10
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`.p12` 文件导入到 Computer 证书存储。在导入 CA 证书后,它必须被放入 "Trusted Root Certification Authorities" 目录的 "Certificates" 子目录中。
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详细的操作步骤:
https://wiki.strongswan.org/projects/strongswan/wiki/Win7Certs
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在 Windows 计算机上添加一个新的 IKEv2 VPN 连接:
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https://wiki.strongswan.org/projects/strongswan/wiki/Win7Config
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启用新的 IKEv2 VPN 连接,并且开始使用自己的专属 VPN
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https://wiki.strongswan.org/projects/strongswan/wiki/Win7Connect
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#### Windows Phone 8.1 及以上
首先导入 `.p12` 文件,然后参照 <a href="https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/dn673608.aspx" target="_blank">这些说明</a> 配置一个基于证书的 IKEv2 VPN。
#### Android 4.x 和更新版本
请参见: https://wiki.strongswan.org/projects/strongswan/wiki/AndroidVpnClient
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连接成功后,你可以到 <a href="https://www.ipchicken.com" target="_blank">这里</a> 检测你的 IP 地址,应该显示为`你的 VPN 服务器 IP`。
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## 已知问题
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Windows 7 和更新版本自带的 VPN 客户端不支持 IKEv2 fragmentation。在有些网络上这可能会导致连接错误 "Error 809",或者可能在连接后无法打开任何网站。如果出现这些问题,请首先尝试 <a href="clients-zh.md#故障排除" target="_blank">这个解决方案</a>。如果仍然无法解决,请使用 <a href="clients-zh.md" target="_blank">IPsec/L2TP</a> 或者 <a href="clients-xauth-zh.md" target="_blank">IPsec/XAuth</a> 模式连接。
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## 参考链接
* https://libreswan.org/wiki/VPN_server_for_remote_clients_using_IKEv2
* https://libreswan.org/wiki/HOWTO:_Using_NSS_with_libreswan
* https://libreswan.org/man/ipsec.conf.5.html
* https://wiki.strongswan.org/projects/strongswan/wiki/Windows7