naiveproxy/src/net/docs/life-of-a-url-request.md

Life of a URLRequest

This document gives an overview of the browser's lower-layers for networking.

Networking in the browser ranges from high level Javascript APIs like fetch(), all the way down to writing encrypted bytes on a socket.

This document assumes that requests for URLs are mediated through the browser's Network Service, and focuses on all the layers below the Network Service, including key points of integration.

It's particularly targeted at people new to the Chrome network stack, but should also be useful for team members who may be experts at some parts of the stack, but are largely unfamiliar with other components. It starts by walking through how a basic request issued by another process works its way through the network stack, and then moves on to discuss how various components plug in.

If you notice any inaccuracies in this document, or feel that things could be better explained, please do not hesitate to submit patches.

Anatomy of the Network Stack

The network stack is located in //net/ in the Chrome repo, and uses the namespace "net". Whenever a class name in this doc has no namespace, it can generally be assumed it's in //net/ and is in the net namespace.

The top-level network stack object is the URLRequestContext. The context has non-owning pointers to everything needed to create and issue a URLRequest. The context must outlive all requests that use it. Creating a context is a rather complicated process usually managed by URLRequestContextBuilder.

The primary use of the URLRequestContext is to create URLRequest objects using URLRequestContext::CreateRequest(). The URLRequest is the main interface used by direct consumers of the network stack. It manages loading URLs with the http, https, ws, and wss schemes. URLs for other schemes, such as file, filesystem, blob, chrome, and data, are managed completely outside of //net. Each URLRequest tracks a single request across all redirects until an error occurs, it's canceled, or a final response is received, with a (possibly empty) body.

The HttpNetworkSession is another major network stack object. It owns the HttpStreamFactory, the socket pools, and the HTTP/2 and QUIC session pools. It also has non-owning pointers to the network stack objects that more directly deal with sockets.

This document does not mention either of these objects much, but at layers above the HttpStreamFactory, objects often grab their dependencies from the URLRequestContext, while the HttpStreamFactory and layers below it generally get their dependencies from the HttpNetworkSession.

How many "Delegates"?

A URLRequest informs the consumer of important events for a request using two main interfaces: the URLRequest::Delegate interface and the NetworkDelegate interface.

The URLRequest::Delegate interface consists of a small set of callbacks needed to let the embedder drive a request forward. The NetworkDelegate is an object pointed to by the URLRequestContext and shared by all requests, and includes callbacks corresponding to most of the URLRequest::Delegate's callbacks, as well as an assortment of other methods.

The Network Service and Mojo

The network service, which lives in //services/network/, wraps //net/ objects, and provides cross-process network APIs and their implementations for the rest of Chrome. The network service uses the namespace "network" for all its classes. The Mojo interfaces it provides are in the network::mojom namespace. Mojo is Chrome's IPC layer. Generally there's a mojo::Remote<network::mojom::Foo> proxy object in the consumer's process which also implements the network::mojom::Foo interface. When the proxy object's methods are invoked, it passes the call and all its arguments over a Mojo IPC channel, using a mojo::Receiver<network::mojom::Foo>, to an implementation of the network::mojom::Foo interface in the network service (the implementation is typically a class named network::Foo), which may be running in another process, another thread in the consumer's process, or even the same thread in the consumer's process.

The network::NetworkService object is singleton that is used by Chrome to create all other network service objects. The primary objects it is used to create are the network::NetworkContexts, each of which owns its own mostly independent URLRequestContext. Chrome has a number of different NetworkContexts, as there is often a need to keep cookies, caches, and socket pools separate for different types of requests, depending on what's making the request. Here are the main NetworkContexts used by Chrome:

• The system NetworkContext, created and owned by Chrome's SystemNetworkContextManager, is used for requests that aren't associated with particular user or Profile. It has no on-disk storage, so loses all state, like cookies, after each browser restart. It has no in-memory http cache, either. SystemNetworkContextManager also sets up global network service preferences.
• Each Chrome Profile, including incognito Profiles, has its own NetworkContext. Except for incognito and guest profiles, these contexts store information in their own on-disk store, which includes cookies and an HTTP cache, among other things. Each of these NetworkContexts is owned by a StoragePartition object in the browser process, and created by a Profile's ProfileNetworkContextService.
• On platforms that support apps, each Profile has a NetworkContext for each app installed on that Profile. As with the main NetworkContext, these may have on-disk data, depending on the Profile and the App.

Life of a Simple URLRequest

A request for data is dispatched from some process, which results in creating a network::URLLoader in the network service (which, on desktop platform, is typically in its own process). The URLLoader then creates a URLRequest to drive the network request. That job first checks the HTTP cache, and then creates a network transaction object, if necessary, to actually fetch the data. That transaction tries to reuse a connection if available. If none is available, it creates a new one. Once it has established a connection, the HTTP request is dispatched, the response read and parsed, and the result returned back up the stack and sent over to the caller.

Of course, it's not quite that simple :-}.

Consider a simple request issued by some process other than the network service's process. Suppose it's an HTTP request, the response is uncompressed, no matching entry in the cache, and there are no idle sockets connected to the server in the socket pool.

Continuing with a "simple" URLRequest, here's a bit more detail on how things work.

Request starts in some (non-network) process

Summary:

• In the browser process, the network::mojom::NetworkContext interface is used to create a network::mojom::URLLoaderFactory.
• A consumer (e.g. the content::ResourceDispatcher for Blink, the content::NavigationURLLoaderImpl for frame navigations, or a network::SimpleURLLoader) passes a network::ResourceRequest object and network::mojom::URLLoaderClient Mojo channel to the network::mojom::URLLoaderFactory, and tells it to create and start a network::mojom::URLLoader.
• Mojo sends the network::ResourceRequest over an IPC pipe to a network::URLLoaderFactory in the network process.

Chrome has a single browser process which handles starting and configuring other processes, tab management, and navigation, among other things, and multiple child processes, which are generally sandboxed and have no network access themselves, apart from the network service (Which either runs in its own process, or potentially in the browser process to conserve RAM). There are multiple types of child processes (renderer, GPU, plugin, network, etc). The renderer processes are the ones that layout webpages and run HTML.

The browser process creates the top level network::mojom::NetworkContext objects. The NetworkContext interface is privileged and can only be accessed from the browser process. The browser process uses it to create network::mojom::URLLoaderFactories, which can then be passed to less privileged processes to allow them to load resources using the NetworkContext. To create a URLLoaderFactory, a network::mojom::URLLoaderFactoryParams object is passed to the NetworkContext to configure fields that other processes are not trusted to set, for security and privacy reasons.

One such field is the net::IsolationInfo field, which includes:

• A net::NetworkIsolationKey, which is used to enforce the privacy sandbox in the network stack, separating network resources used by different sites in order to protect against tracking a user across sites.
• A net::SiteForCookies, which is used to determine which site to send SameSite cookies for. SameSite cookies prevent cross-site attacks by only being accessible when that site is the top-level site.
• How to update these values across redirects.

A consumer, either in the browser process or a child process, that wants to make a network request gets a URLLoaderFactory from the browser process through some manner, assembles a bunch of parameters in the large network::ResourceRequest object, creates a network::mojom::URLLoaderClient Mojo channel for the network::mojom::URLLoader to use to talk back to it, and then passes them all to the URLLoaderFactory, which returns a URLLoader object that it can use to manage the network request.

network::URLLoaderFactory sets up the request in the network service

Summary:

• network::URLLoaderFactory creates a network::URLLoader.
• network::URLLoader uses the network::NetworkContext's URLRequestContext to create and start a URLRequest.

The network::URLLoaderFactory, along with all NetworkContexts and most of the network stack, lives on a single thread in the network service. It gets a reconstituted ResourceRequest object from the network::mojom::URLLoaderFactory Mojo pipe, does some checks to make sure it can service the request, and if so, creates a URLLoader, passing the request and the NetworkContext associated with the URLLoaderFactory.

The URLLoader then calls into the NetworkContext's net::URLRequestContext to create the URLRequest. The URLRequestContext has pointers to all the network stack objects needed to issue the request over the network, such as the cache, cookie store, and host resolver. The URLLoader then calls into the network::ResourceScheduler, which may delay starting the request, based on priority and other activity. Eventually, the ResourceScheduler starts the request.

Check the cache, request an HttpStream

Summary:

• The URLRequest asks the URLRequestJobFactory to create a URLRequestJob, and gets a URLRequestHttpJob.
• The URLRequestHttpJob asks the HttpCache to create an HttpTransaction, and gets an HttpCache::Transaction, assuming caching is enabled.
• The HttpCache::Transaction sees there's no cache entry for the request, and creates an HttpNetworkTransaction.
• The HttpNetworkTransaction calls into the HttpStreamFactory to request an HttpStream.

The URLRequest then calls into the URLRequestJobFactory to create a URLRequestHttpJob, a subclass of URLRequestJob, and then starts it (historically, non-network URL schemes were also disptched through the network stack, so there were a variety of job types.) The URLRequestHttpJob attaches cookies to the request, if needed. Whether or not SameSite cookies are attached depends on the IsolationInfo's SiteForCookies, the URL, and the URLRequest's request_initiator field.

The URLRequestHttpJob calls into the HttpCache to create an HttpCache::Transaction. The cache checks for an entry with the same URL and NetworkIsolationKey. If there's no matching entry, the HttpCache::Transaction will call into the HttpNetworkLayer to create an HttpNetworkTransaction, and transparently wrap it. The HttpNetworkTransaction then calls into the HttpStreamFactory to request an HttpStream to the server.

Create an HttpStream

Summary:

• HttpStreamFactory creates an HttpStreamFactory::Job.
• HttpStreamFactory::Job calls into the TransportClientSocketPool to populate an ClientSocketHandle.
• TransportClientSocketPool has no idle sockets, so it creates a TransportConnectJob and starts it.
• TransportConnectJob creates a StreamSocket and establishes a connection.
• TransportClientSocketPool puts the StreamSocket in the ClientSocketHandle, and calls into HttpStreamFactory::Job.
• HttpStreamFactory::Job creates an HttpBasicStream, which takes ownership of the ClientSocketHandle.
• It returns the HttpBasicStream to the HttpNetworkTransaction.

The HttpStreamFactory::Job creates a ClientSocketHandle to hold a socket, once connected, and passes it into the ClientSocketPoolManager. The ClientSocketPoolManager assembles the TransportSocketParams needed to establish the connection and creates a group name ("host:port") used to identify sockets that can be used interchangeably.

The ClientSocketPoolManager directs the request to the TransportClientSocketPool, since there's no proxy and it's an HTTP request. The request is forwarded to the pool's ClientSocketPoolBase's ClientSocketPoolBaseHelper. If there isn't already an idle connection, and there are available socket slots, the ClientSocketPoolBaseHelper will create a new TransportConnectJob using the aforementioned params object. This Job will do the actual DNS lookup by calling into the HostResolverImpl, if needed, and then finally establishes a connection.

Once the socket is connected, ownership of the socket is passed to the ClientSocketHandle. The HttpStreamFactory::Job is then informed the connection attempt succeeded, and it then creates an HttpBasicStream, which takes ownership of the ClientSocketHandle. It then passes ownership of the HttpBasicStream back to the HttpNetworkTransaction.

Send request and read the response headers

Summary:

• HttpNetworkTransaction gives the request headers to the HttpBasicStream, and tells it to start the request.
• HttpBasicStream sends the request, and waits for the response.
• The HttpBasicStream sends the response headers back to the HttpNetworkTransaction.
• The response headers are sent up through the URLRequest, to the network::URLLoader.
• They're then sent to the network::mojom::URLLoaderClient via Mojo.

The HttpNetworkTransaction passes the request headers to the HttpBasicStream, which uses an HttpStreamParser to (finally) format the request headers and body (if present) and send them to the server.

The HttpStreamParser waits to receive the response and then parses the HTTP/1.x response headers, and then passes them up through both the HttpNetworkTransaction and HttpCache::Transaction to the URLRequestHttpJob. The URLRequestHttpJob saves any cookies, if needed, and then passes the headers up to the URLRequest and on to the network::URLLoader, which sends the data over a Mojo pipe to the network::mojom::URLLoaderClient, passed in to the URLLoader when it was created.

Response body is read

Summary:

• network::URLLoader creates a raw Mojo data pipe, and passes one end to the network::mojom::URLLoaderClient.
• The URLLoader requests shared memory buffer from the Mojo data pipe.
• The URLLoader tells the URLRequest to write to the memory buffer, and tells the pipe when data has been written to the buffer.
• The last two steps repeat until the request is complete.

Without waiting to hear back from the network::mojom::URLLoaderClient, the network::URLLoader allocates a raw mojo data pipe, and passes the client the read end of the pipe. The URLLoader then grabs an IPC buffer from the pipe, and passes a 64KB body read request down through the URLRequest all the way down to the HttpStreamParser. Once some data is read, possibly less than 64KB, the number of bytes read makes its way back to the URLLoader, which then tells the Mojo pipe the read was complete, and then requests another buffer from the pipe, to continue writing data to. The pipe may apply back pressure, to limit the amount of unconsumed data that can be in shared memory buffers at once. This process repeats until the response body is completely read.

URLRequest is destroyed

Summary:

• When complete, the network::URLLoaderFactory deletes the network::URLLoader, which deletes the URLRequest.
• During destruction, the HttpNetworkTransaction determines if the socket is reusable, and if so, tells the HttpBasicStream to return it to the socket pool.

When the URLRequest informs the network::URLLoader the request is complete, the URLLoader passes the message along to the network::mojom::URLLoaderClient, over its Mojo pipe, before telling the URLLoaderFactory to destroy the URLLoader, which results in destroying the URLRequest and closing all Mojo pipes related to the request.

When the HttpNetworkTransaction is being torn down, it figures out if the socket is reusable. If not, it tells the HttpBasicStream to close the socket. Either way, the ClientSocketHandle returns the socket is then returned to the socket pool, either for reuse or so the socket pool knows it has another free socket slot.

Object Relationships and Ownership

A sample of the object relationships involved in the above process is diagramed here:

There are a couple of points in the above diagram that do not come clear visually:

• The method that generates the filter chain that is hung off the URLRequestJob is declared on URLRequestJob, but the only current implementation of it is on URLRequestHttpJob, so the generation is shown as happening from that class.
• HttpTransactions of different types are layered; i.e. a HttpCache::Transaction contains a pointer to an HttpTransaction, but that pointed-to HttpTransaction generally is an HttpNetworkTransaction.

Additional Topics

HTTP Cache

The HttpCache::Transaction sits between the URLRequestHttpJob and the HttpNetworkTransaction, and implements the HttpTransaction interface, just like the HttpNetworkTransaction. The HttpCache::Transaction checks if a request can be served out of the cache. If a request needs to be revalidated, it handles sending a conditional revalidation request over the network. It may also break a range request into multiple cached and non-cached contiguous chunks, and may issue multiple network requests for a single range URLRequest.

The HttpCache::Transaction uses one of three disk_cache::Backends to actually store the cache's index and files: The in memory backend, the blockfile cache backend, and the simple cache backend. The first is used in incognito. The latter two are both stored on disk, and are used on different platforms.

One important detail is that it has a read/write lock for each URL. The lock technically allows multiple reads at once, but since an HttpCache::Transaction always grabs the lock for writing and reading before downgrading it to a read only lock, all requests for the same URL are effectively done serially. The renderer process merges requests for the same URL in many cases, which mitigates this problem to some extent.

It's also worth noting that each renderer process also has its own in-memory cache, which has no relation to the cache implemented in net/, which lives in the network service.

Cancellation

A consumer can cancel a request at any time by deleting the network::mojom::URLLoader pipe used by the request. This will cause the network::URLLoader to destroy itself and its URLRequest.

When an HttpNetworkTransaction for a cancelled request is being torn down, it figures out if the socket the HttpStream owns can potentially be reused, based on the protocol (HTTP / HTTP/2 / QUIC) and any received headers. If the socket potentially can be reused, an HttpResponseBodyDrainer is created to try and read any remaining body bytes of the HttpStream, if any, before returning the socket to the SocketPool. If this takes too long, or there's an error, the socket is closed instead. Since this all happens at the layer below the cache, any drained bytes are not written to the cache, and as far as the cache layer is concerned, it only has a partial response.

Redirects

The URLRequestHttpJob checks if headers indicate a redirect when it receives them from the next layer down (typically the HttpCache::Transaction). If they indicate a redirect, it tells the cache the response is complete, ignoring the body, so the cache only has the headers. The cache then treats it as a complete entry, even if the headers indicated there will be a body.

The URLRequestHttpJob then checks with the URLRequest if the redirect should be followed. The URLRequest then informs the network::URLLoader about the redirect, which passes information about the redirect to network::mojom::URLLoaderClient, in the consumer process. Whatever issued the original request then checks if the redirect should be followed.

If the redirect should be followed, the URLLoaderClient calls back into the URLLoader over the network::mojom::URLLoader Mojo interface, which tells the URLRequest to follow the redirect. The URLRequest then creates a new URLRequestJob to send the new request. If the URLLoaderClient chooses to cancel the request instead, it can delete the network::mojom::URLLoader pipe, just like the cancellation case discussed above. In either case, the old HttpTransaction is destroyed, and the HttpNetworkTransaction attempts to drain the socket for reuse, as discussed in the previous section.

In some cases, the consumer may choose to handle a redirect itself, like passing off the redirect to a ServiceWorker. In this case, the consumer cancels the request and then calls into some other network::mojom::URLLoaderFactory with the new URL to continue the request.

Filters (gzip, deflate, brotli, etc)

When the URLRequestHttpJob receives headers, it sends a list of all Content-Encoding values to Filter::Factory, which creates a (possibly empty) chain of filters. As body bytes are received, they're passed through the filters at the URLRequestJob layer and the decoded bytes are passed back to the URLRequest::Delegate.

Since this is done above the cache layer, the cache stores the responses prior to decompression. As a result, if files aren't compressed over the wire, they aren't compressed in the cache, either.

Socket Pools

The ClientSocketPoolManager is responsible for assembling the parameters needed to connect a socket, and then sending the request to the right socket pool. Each socket request sent to a socket pool comes with a socket params object, a ClientSocketHandle, and a "group name". The params object contains all the information a ConnectJob needs to create a connection of a given type, and different types of socket pools take different params types. The ClientSocketHandle will take temporary ownership of a connected socket and return it to the socket pool when done. All connections with the same group name in the same pool can be used to service the same connection requests, so it consists of host, port, protocol, and whether "privacy mode" is enabled for sockets in the goup.

All socket pool classes derive from the ClientSocketPoolBase. The ClientSocketPoolBase handles managing sockets - which requests to create sockets for, which requests get connected sockets first, which sockets belong to which groups, connection limits per group, keeping track of and closing idle sockets, etc. Each ClientSocketPoolBase subclass has its own ConnectJob type, which establishes a connection using the socket params, before the pool hands out the connected socket.

Socket Pool Layering

Some socket pools are layered on top other socket pools. This is done when a "socket" in a higher layer needs to establish a connection in a lower level pool and then take ownership of it as part of its connection process. For example, each socket in the SSLClientSocketPool is layered on top of a socket in the TransportClientSocketPool. There are a couple additional complexities here.

From the perspective of the lower layer pool, all of its sockets that a higher layer pools owns are actively in use, even when the higher layer pool considers them idle. As a result, when a lower layer pool is at its connection limit and needs to make a new connection, it will ask any higher layer pools to close an idle connection if they have one, so it can make a new connection.

Since sockets in the higher layer pool are also in a group in the lower layer pool, they must have their own distinct group name. This is needed so that, for instance, SSL and HTTP connections won't be grouped together in the TcpClientSocketPool, which the SSLClientSocketPool sits on top of.

Socket Pool Class Relationships

The relationships between the important classes in the socket pools is shown diagrammatically for the lowest layer socket pool (TransportSocketPool) below.

The ClientSocketPoolBase is a template class templatized on the class containing the parameters for the appropriate type of socket (in this case TransportSocketParams). It contains a pointer to the ClientSocketPoolBaseHelper, which contains all the type-independent machinery of the socket pool.

When socket pools are initialized, they in turn initialize their templatized ClientSocketPoolBase member with an object with which it should create connect jobs. That object must derive from ClientSocketPoolBase::ConnectJobFactory templatized by the same type as the ClientSocketPoolBase. (In the case of the diagram above, that object is a TransportConnectJobFactory, which derives from ClientSocketPoolBase::ConnectJobFactory<TransportSocketParams>.) Internally, that object is wrapped in a type-unsafe wrapper (ClientSocketPoolBase::ConnectJobFactoryAdaptor) so that it can be passed to the initialization of the ClientSocketPoolBaseHelper. This allows the helper to create connect jobs while preserving a type-safe API to the initialization of the socket pool.

SSL

When an SSL connection is needed, the ClientSocketPoolManager assembles the parameters needed both to connect the TCP socket and establish an SSL connection. It then passes them to the SSLClientSocketPool, which creates an SSLConnectJob using them. The SSLConnectJob's first step is to call into the TransportSocketPool to establish a TCP connection.

Once a connection is established by the lower layered pool, the SSLConnectJob then starts SSL negotiation. Once that's done, the SSL socket is passed back to the HttpStreamFactory::Job that initiated the request, and things proceed just as with HTTP. When complete, the socket is returned to the SSLClientSocketPool.

Proxies

Each proxy has its own completely independent set of socket pools. They have their own exclusive TransportSocketPool, their own protocol-specific pool above it, and their own SSLSocketPool above that. HTTPS proxies also have a second SSLSocketPool between the the HttpProxyClientSocketPool and the TransportSocketPool, since they can talk SSL to both the proxy and the destination server, layered on top of each other.

The first step the HttpStreamFactory::Job performs, just before calling into the ClientSocketPoolManager to create a socket, is to pass the URL to the Proxy service to get an ordered list of proxies (if any) that should be tried for that URL. Then when the ClientSocketPoolManager tries to get a socket for the Job, it uses that list of proxies to direct the request to the right socket pool.

Alternate Protocols

HTTP/2 (Formerly SPDY)

HTTP/2 negotation is performed as part of the SSL handshake, so when HttpStreamFactory::Job gets a socket, it may have HTTP/2 negotiated over it as well. When it gets a socket with HTTP/2 negotiated as well, the Job creates a SpdySession using the socket and a SpdyHttpStream on top of the SpdySession. The SpdyHttpStream will be passed to the HttpNetworkTransaction, which drives the stream as usual.

The SpdySession will be shared with other Jobs connecting to the same server, and future Jobs will find the SpdySession before they try to create a connection. HttpServerProperties also tracks which servers supported HTTP/2 when we last talked to them. We only try to establish a single connection to servers we think speak HTTP/2 when multiple HttpStreamFactory::Jobs are trying to connect to them, to avoid wasting resources.

QUIC

QUIC works quite a bit differently from HTTP/2. Servers advertise QUIC support with an "Alternate-Protocol" HTTP header in their responses. HttpServerProperties then tracks servers that have advertised QUIC support.

When a new request comes in to HttpStreamFactory for a connection to a server that has advertised QUIC support in the past, it will create a second HttpStreamFactory::Job for QUIC, which returns an QuicHttpStream on success. The two Jobs (one for QUIC, one for all versions of HTTP) will be raced against each other, and whichever successfully creates an HttpStream first will be used.

As with HTTP/2, once a QUIC connection is established, it will be shared with other Jobs connecting to the same server, and future Jobs will just reuse the existing QUIC session.

Prioritization

URLRequests are assigned a priority on creation. It only comes into play in a couple places:

• The ResourceScheduler lives outside net/, and in some cases, delays starting low priority requests on a per-tab basis.
• DNS lookups are initiated based on the highest priority request for a lookup.
• Socket pools hand out and create sockets based on prioritization. However, when a socket becomes idle, it will be assigned to the highest priority request for the server it's connected to, even if there's a higher priority request to another server that's waiting on a free socket slot.
• HTTP/2 and QUIC both support sending priorities over-the-wire.

At the socket pool layer, sockets are only assigned to socket requests once the socket is connected and SSL is negotiated, if needed. This is done so that if a higher priority request for a group reaches the socket pool before a connection is established, the first usable connection goes to the highest priority socket request.

Non-HTTP Schemes

WebSockets requests (wss:// and ws://) start as HTTP requests with an HTTP upgrade header. Once the handshake completes successfully, the connection is used as a full-duplex communication channel to the server for WebSocket frames, rather than to receive an HTTP response body. WebSockets have their own Mojo interfaces and //net classes, but internally they reuse the full URLRequest machinery up to the point headers are received from the server. Then the connection is handed off to the WebSocket code to manage.

Other schemes typically have their own network::mojom::URLLoaderFactory that is not part of the network service. Standard schemes like file:// and blob:// are handled by the content layer and its dependencies (content::FileURLLoaderFactory and storage::BlobURLLoaderFactory, respectively, for those two schemes). Chrome-specific schemes, like externalfile:// and chrome-extension:// are often handled by a URLLoaderFactory in the chrome layer, though chrome:// itself is actually handled in //content.

data:// URLs are handled a bit differently from other schemes. If a renderer process requests a data:// subresource, the renderer typically decodes it internally, as sending it to an out-of-process URLLoader would be inefficient. Navigations are a bit different. To navigate to a URL, the browser process creates a URLLoader and passes it over to a renderer process. So in the case of a navigation to a data:// URL, a URLLoader is created using a content::DataURLLoaderFactory that lives in the browser process, and then a mojo::Remote for the browser-hosted URLLoader is passed to a renderer proceess.

about:blank is similarly often handled in the renderer, though there is a factory for that used in the case of navigations as well. Other about: URLs are mapped to the corresponding Chrome URLs by the navigation code, rather than having that logic live in a URLLoaderFactory.