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2
generate-docs.sh
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@ -1,2 +1,2 @@
#!/bin/bash
sphinx-build reference/en /var/www/docs
sphinx-build manual/en /var/www/docs

93
manual/en/annotations-reference.rst
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@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
Annotations Reference
=====================
In this chapter a reference of every Doctrine 2 Annotation is given
with short explanations on their context and usage.
@ -38,7 +41,8 @@ Index
Reference
---------
### @Column
@Column
~~~~~~~
Marks an annotated instance variable as "persistent". It has to be
inside the instance variables PHP DocBlock comment. Any value hold
@ -97,7 +101,8 @@ Examples:
*/
protected $height;
### @ChangeTrackingPolicy
@ChangeTrackingPolicy
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The Change Tracking Policy annotation allows to specify how the
Doctrine 2 UnitOfWork should detect changes in properties of
@ -125,7 +130,8 @@ Example:
*/
class User {}
### @DiscrimnatorColumn
@DiscrimnatorColumn
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
This annotation is a required annotation for the topmost/super
class of an inheritance hierarchy. It specifies the details of the
@ -144,7 +150,8 @@ Optional attributes:
- type - By default this is string.
- length - By default this is 255.
### @DiscriminatorMap
@DiscriminatorMap
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The discriminator map is a required annotation on the
top-most/super class in an inheritance hierarchy. It takes an array
@ -167,7 +174,8 @@ depending if the classes are in the namespace or not.
// ...
}
### @Entity
@Entity
~~~~~~~
Required annotation to mark a PHP class as Entity. Doctrine manages
the persistence of all classes marked as entity.
@ -193,7 +201,8 @@ Example:
//...
}
### @GeneratedValue
@GeneratedValue
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Specifies which strategy is used for identifier generation for an
instance variable which is annotated by `@Id <#ann_id>`_. This
@ -221,7 +230,8 @@ Example:
*/
protected $id = null;
### @HasLifecycleCallbacks
@HasLifecycleCallbacks
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Annotation which has to be set on the entity-class PHP DocBlock to
notify Doctrine that this entity has entity life-cycle callback
@ -247,7 +257,8 @@ Example:
public function sendOptinMail() {}
}
### @Index
@Index
~~~~~~~
Annotation is used inside the `@Table <#ann_table>`_ annotation on
the entity-class level. It allows to hint the SchemaTool to
@ -273,7 +284,8 @@ Example:
{
}
### @Id
@Id
~~~~~~~
The annotated instance variable will be marked as entity
identifier, the primary key in the database. This annotation is a
@ -292,7 +304,8 @@ Example:
*/
protected $id = null;
### @InheritanceType
@InheritanceType
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
In an inheritance hierarchy you have to use this annotation on the
topmost/super class to define which strategy should be used for
@ -330,7 +343,8 @@ Examples:
// ...
}
### @JoinColumn
@JoinColumn
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
This annotation is used in the context of relations in
`@ManyToOne <#ann_manytoone>`_, `@OneToOne <#ann_onetoone>`_ fields
@ -379,13 +393,15 @@ Example:
*/
private $customer;
### @JoinColumns
@JoinColumns
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
An array of @JoinColumn annotations for a
`@ManyToOne <#ann_manytoone>`_ or `@OneToOne <#ann_onetoone>`_
relation with an entity that has multiple identifiers.
### @JoinTable
@JoinTable
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Using `@OneToMany <#ann_onetomany>`_ or
`@ManyToMany <#ann_manytomany>`_ on the owning side of the relation
@ -423,7 +439,8 @@ Example:
*/
public $phonenumbers;
### @ManyToOne
@ManyToOne
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Defines that the annotated instance variable holds a reference that
describes a many-to-one relationship between two entities.
@ -453,7 +470,8 @@ Example:
*/
private $cart;
### @ManyToMany
@ManyToMany
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Defines an instance variable holds a many-to-many relationship
between two entities. `@JoinTable <#ann_jointable>`_ is an
@ -508,7 +526,8 @@ Example:
*/
private $features;
### @MappedSuperclass
@MappedSuperclass
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
An mapped superclass is an abstract or concrete class that provides
persistent entity state and mapping information for its subclasses,
@ -519,7 +538,8 @@ The @MappedSuperclass annotation cannot be used in conjunction with
@Entity. See the Inheritance Mapping section for
`more details on the restrictions of mapped superclasses </../inheritance-mapping#mapped-superclasses>`_.
### @OneToOne
@OneToOne
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The @OneToOne annotation works almost exactly as the
`@ManyToOne <#ann_manytoone>`_ with one additional option that can
@ -556,7 +576,8 @@ Example:
*/
private $customer;
### @OneToMany
@OneToMany
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Required attributes:
@ -586,7 +607,8 @@ Example:
*/
public $phonenumbers;
### @OrderBy
@OrderBy
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Optional annotation that can be specified with a
`@ManyToMany <#ann_manytomany>`_ or `@OneToMany <#ann_onetomany>`_
@ -613,49 +635,57 @@ positional statement. Multiple Fields are separated by a comma (,).
The referenced field names have to exist on the ``targetEntity``
class of the ``@ManyToMany`` or ``@OneToMany`` annotation.
### @PostLoad
@PostLoad
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Marks a method on the entity to be called as a @PostLoad event.
Only works with @HasLifecycleCallbacks in the entity class PHP
DocBlock.
### @PostPersist
@PostPersist
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Marks a method on the entity to be called as a @PostPersist event.
Only works with @HasLifecycleCallbacks in the entity class PHP
DocBlock.
### @PostRemove
@PostRemove
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Marks a method on the entity to be called as a @PostRemove event.
Only works with @HasLifecycleCallbacks in the entity class PHP
DocBlock.
### @PostUpdate
@PostUpdate
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Marks a method on the entity to be called as a @PostUpdate event.
Only works with @HasLifecycleCallbacks in the entity class PHP
DocBlock.
### @PrePersist
@PrePersist
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Marks a method on the entity to be called as a @PrePersist event.
Only works with @HasLifecycleCallbacks in the entity class PHP
DocBlock.
### @PreRemove
@PreRemove
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Marks a method on the entity to be called as a @PreRemove event.
Only works with @HasLifecycleCallbacks in the entity class PHP
DocBlock.
### @PreUpdate
@PreUpdate
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Marks a method on the entity to be called as a @PreUpdate event.
Only works with @HasLifecycleCallbacks in the entity class PHP
DocBlock.
### @SequenceGenerator
@SequenceGenerator
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
For the use with @generatedValue(strategy="SEQUENCE") this
annotation allows to specify details about the sequence, such as
@ -688,7 +718,8 @@ Example:
*/
protected $id = null;
### @Table
@Table
~~~~~~~
Annotation describes the table an entity is persisted in. It is
placed on the entity-class PHP DocBlock and is optional. If it is
@ -721,7 +752,8 @@ Example:
*/
class User { }
### @UniqueConstraint
@UniqueConstraint
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Annotation is used inside the `@Table <#ann_table>`_ annotation on
the entity-class level. It allows to hint the SchemaTool to
@ -748,7 +780,8 @@ Example:
{
}
### @Version
@Version
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
Marker annotation that defines a specified column as version
attribute used in an optimistic locking scenario. It only works on

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manual/en/annotations-reference.txt
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@ -1,611 +0,0 @@
In this chapter a reference of every Doctrine 2 Annotation is given with short explanations on their context and usage.
## Index
* [@Column](#ann_column)
* [@ChangeTrackingPolicy](#ann_changetrackingpolicy)
* [@DiscriminatorColumn](#ann_discriminatorcolumn)
* [@DiscriminatorMap](#ann_discriminatormap)
* [@Entity](#ann_entity)
* [@GeneratedValue](#ann_generatedvalue)
* [@HasLifecycleCallbacks](#ann_haslifecyclecallbacks)
* [@Index](#ann_indexes)
* [@Id](#ann_id)
* [@InheritanceType](#ann_inheritancetype)
* [@JoinColumn](#ann_joincolumn)
* [@JoinTable](#ann_jointable)
* [@ManyToOne](#ann_manytoone)
* [@ManyToMany](#ann_manytomany)
* [@MappedSuperclass](#ann_mappedsuperclass)
* [@OneToOne](#ann_onetoone)
* [@OneToMany](#ann_onetomany)
* [@OrderBy](#ann_orderby)
* [@PostLoad](#ann_postload)
* [@PostPersist](#ann_postpersist)
* [@PostRemove](#ann_postremove)
* [@PostUpdate](#ann_postupdate)
* [@PrePersist](#ann_prepersist)
* [@PreRemove](#ann_preremove)
* [@PreUpdate](#ann_preupdate)
* [@SequenceGenerator](#ann_sequencegenerator)
* [@Table](#ann_table)
* [@UniqueConstraint](#ann_uniqueconstraint)
* [@Version](#ann_version)
## Reference
<a name="ann_column"></a>
### @Column
Marks an annotated instance variable as "persistent". It has to be inside the instance variables PHP DocBlock comment.
Any value hold inside this variable will be saved to and loaded from the database as part of the lifecycle of the instance variables entity-class.
Required attributes:
* type - Name of the Doctrine Type which is converted between PHP and Database representation.
Optional attributes:
* name - By default the property name is used for the database column name also, however the 'name' attribute allows you to determine the column name.
* length - Used by the "string" type to determine its maximum length in the database. Doctrine does not validate the length of a string values for you.
* precision - The precision for a decimal (exact numeric) column (Applies only for decimal column)
* scale - The scale for a decimal (exact numeric) column (Applies only for decimal column)
* unique - Boolean value to determine if the value of the column should be unique across all rows of the underlying entities table.
* nullable - Determines if NULL values allowed for this column.
* columnDefinition - DDL SQL snippet that starts after the column name and specifies the complete (non-portable!) column definition. This attribute allows to make use of advanced RMDBS features. However you should make careful use of this feature and the consequences. Additionally you should remember that the "type" attribute still handles the conversion between PHP and Database values. If you use this attribute on a column that is used for joins between tables you should also take a look at [@JoinColumn](#ann_joincolumn).
Examples:
<?php
/**
* @Column(type="string", length=32, unique=true, nullable=false)
*/
protected $username;
/**
* @Column(type="string", columnDefinition="CHAR(2) NOT NULL")
*/
protected $country;
/**
* @Column(type="decimal", precision=2, scale=1)
*/
protected $height;
<a name="ann_changetrackingpolicy"></a>
### @ChangeTrackingPolicy
The Change Tracking Policy annotation allows to specify how the Doctrine 2 UnitOfWork should detect changes
in properties of entities during flush. By default each entity is checked according to a deferred implicit
strategy, which means upon flush UnitOfWork compares all the properties of an entity to a previously stored
snapshot. This works out of the box, however you might want to tweak the flush performance where using
another change tracking policy is an interesting option.
The [details on all the available change tracking policies](/../configuration#change-tracking-policies)
can be found in the configuration section.
Example:
<?php
/**
* @Entity
* @ChangeTrackingPolicy("DEFERRED_IMPLICIT")
* @ChangeTrackingPolicy("DEFERRED_EXPLICIT")
* @ChangeTrackingPolicy("NOTIFY")
*/
class User {}
<a name="ann_discriminatorcolumn"></a>
### @DiscrimnatorColumn
This annotation is a required annotation for the topmost/super class of an inheritance hierarchy. It specifies
the details of the column which saves the name of the class, which the entity is actually instantiated as.
Required attributes:
* name - The column name of the discriminator. This name is also used during Array hydration as key to specify the class-name.
Optional attributes:
* type - By default this is string.
* length - By default this is 255.
<a name="ann_discriminatormap"></a>
### @DiscriminatorMap
The discriminator map is a required annotation on the top-most/super class in an inheritance hierarchy. It takes
an array as only argument which defines which class should be saved under which name in the database. Keys
are the database value and values are the classes, either as fully- or as unqualified class names depending
if the classes are in the namespace or not.
<?php
/**
* @Entity
* @InheritanceType("JOINED")
* @DiscriminatorColumn(name="discr", type="string")
* @DiscriminatorMap({"person" = "Person", "employee" = "Employee"})
*/
class Person
{
// ...
}
<a name="ann_entity"></a>
### @Entity
Required annotation to mark a PHP class as Entity. Doctrine manages the persistence of all classes marked as entity.
Optional attributes:
* repositoryClass - Specifies the FQCN of a subclass of the Doctrine\ORM\EntityRepository. Use of repositories for entities is encouraged to keep specialized DQL and SQL operations separated from the Model/Domain Layer.
Example:
<?php
/**
* @Entity(repositoryClass="MyProject\UserRepository")
*/
class User
{
//...
}
<a name="ann_generatedvalue"></a>
### @GeneratedValue
Specifies which strategy is used for identifier generation for an instance variable which is annotated by [@Id](#ann_id).
This annotation is optional and only has meaning when used in conjunction with @Id.
If this annotation is not specified with @Id the NONE strategy is used as default.
Required attributes:
* strategy - Set the name of the identifier generation strategy. Valid values are AUTO, SEQUENCE, TABLE, IDENTITY and NONE.
Example:
<?php
/**
* @Id
* @Column(type="integer")
* @generatedValue(strategy="IDENTITY")
*/
protected $id = null;
<a name="ann_haslifecyclecallbacks"></a>
### @HasLifecycleCallbacks
Annotation which has to be set on the entity-class PHP DocBlock to notify Doctrine that this entity has entity life-cycle
callback annotations set on at least one of its methods. Using @PostLoad, @PrePersist, @PostPersist, @PreRemove, @PostRemove,
@PreUpdate or @PostUpdate without this marker annotation will make Doctrine ignore the callbacks.
Example:
<?php
/**
* @Entity
* @HasLifecycleCallbacks
*/
class User
{
/**
* @PostPersist
*/
public function sendOptinMail() {}
}
<a name="ann_indexes"></a>
### @Index
Annotation is used inside the [@Table](#ann_table) annotation on the entity-class level. It allows to hint the
SchemaTool to generate a database index on the specified table columns. It only has meaning in the SchemaTool
schema generation context.
Required attributes:
* name - Name of the Index
* columns - Array of columns.
Example:
<?php
/**
* @Entity
* @Table(name="ecommerce_products",indexes={@index(name="search_idx", columns={"name", "email"})})
*/
class ECommerceProduct
{
}
<a name="ann_id"></a>
### @Id
The annotated instance variable will be marked as entity identifier, the primary key in the database.
This annotation is a marker only and has no required or optional attributes. For entities that have multiple
identifier columns each column has to be marked with @Id.
Example:
<?php
/**
* @Id
* @Column(type="integer")
*/
protected $id = null;
<a name="ann_inheritancetype"></a>
### @InheritanceType
In an inheritance hierarchy you have to use this annotation on the topmost/super class to define which
strategy should be used for inheritance. Currently Single Table and Class Table Inheritance are supported.
This annotation has always been used in conjunction with the [@DiscriminatorMap](#ann_discriminatormap) and
[@DiscriminatorColumn](#ann_discriminatorcolumn) annotations.
Examples:
<?php
/**
* @Entity
* @InheritanceType("SINGLE_TABLE")
* @DiscriminatorColumn(name="discr", type="string")
* @DiscriminatorMap({"person" = "Person", "employee" = "Employee"})
*/
class Person
{
// ...
}
/**
* @Entity
* @InheritanceType("JOINED")
* @DiscriminatorColumn(name="discr", type="string")
* @DiscriminatorMap({"person" = "Person", "employee" = "Employee"})
*/
class Person
{
// ...
}
<a name="ann_joincolumn"></a>
### @JoinColumn
This annotation is used in the context of relations in [@ManyToOne](#ann_manytoone), [@OneToOne](#ann_onetoone) fields
and in the Context of [@JoinTable](#ann_jointable) nested inside a @ManyToMany. This annotation is not required.
If its not specified the attributes *name* and *referencedColumnName* are inferred from the table and primary key names.
Required attributes:
* name - Column name that holds the foreign key identifier for this relation. In the context of @JoinTable it specifies the column name in the join table.
* referencedColumnName - Name of the primary key identifier that is used for joining of this relation.
Optional attributes:
* unique - Determines if this relation exclusive between the affected entities and should be enforced so on the database constraint level. Defaults to false.
* nullable - Determine if the related entity is required, or if null is an allowed state for the relation. Defaults to true.
* onDelete - Cascade Action (Database-level)
* onUpdate - Cascade Action (Database-level)
* columnDefinition - DDL SQL snippet that starts after the column name and specifies the complete (non-portable!) column definition. This attribute allows to make use of advanced RMDBS features. Using this attribute on @JoinColumn is necessary if you need slightly different column definitions for joining columns, for example regarding NULL/NOT NULL defaults. However by default a "columnDefinition" attribute on [@Column](#ann_column) also sets the related @JoinColumn's columnDefinition. This is necessary to make foreign keys work.
Example:
<?php
/**
* @OneToOne(targetEntity="Customer")
* @JoinColumn(name="customer_id", referencedColumnName="id")
*/
private $customer;
<a name="ann_joincolumns"></a>
### @JoinColumns
An array of @JoinColumn annotations for a [@ManyToOne](#ann_manytoone) or [@OneToOne](#ann_onetoone) relation
with an entity that has multiple identifiers.
<a name="ann_jointable"></a>
### @JoinTable
Using [@OneToMany](#ann_onetomany) or [@ManyToMany](#ann_manytomany) on the owning side of the relation requires to specify
the @JoinTable annotation which describes the details of the database join table. If you do not specify @JoinTable on
these relations reasonable mapping defaults apply using the affected table and the column names.
Required attributes:
* name - Database name of the join-table
* joinColumns - An array of @JoinColumn annotations describing the join-relation between the owning entities table and the join table.
* inverseJoinColumns - An array of @JoinColumn annotations describing the join-relation between the inverse entities table and the join table.
Optional attributes:
* schema - Database schema name of this table.
Example:
<?php
/**
* @ManyToMany(targetEntity="Phonenumber")
* @JoinTable(name="users_phonenumbers",
* joinColumns={@JoinColumn(name="user_id", referencedColumnName="id")},
* inverseJoinColumns={@JoinColumn(name="phonenumber_id", referencedColumnName="id", unique=true)}
* )
*/
public $phonenumbers;
<a name="ann_manytoone"></a>
### @ManyToOne
Defines that the annotated instance variable holds a reference that describes a many-to-one relationship between two entities.
Required attributes:
* targetEntity - FQCN of the referenced target entity. Can be the unqualified class name if both classes are in the same namespace. *IMPORTANT:* No leading backslash!
Optional attributes:
* cascade - Cascade Option
* fetch - One of LAZY or EAGER
* inversedBy - The inversedBy attribute designates the field in the entity that is the inverse side of the relationship.
Example:
<?php
/**
* @ManyToOne(targetEntity="Cart", cascade="ALL", fetch="EAGER")
*/
private $cart;
<a name="ann_manytomany"></a>
### @ManyToMany
Defines an instance variable holds a many-to-many relationship between two entities. [@JoinTable](#ann_jointable)
is an additional, optional annotation that has reasonable default configuration values using the table
and names of the two related entities.
Required attributes:
* targetEntity - FQCN of the referenced target entity. Can be the unqualified class name if both classes are in the same namespace. *IMPORTANT:* No leading backslash!
Optional attributes:
* mappedBy - This option specifies the property name on the targetEntity that is the owning side of this relation. Its a required attribute for the inverse side of a relationship.
* inversedBy - The inversedBy attribute designates the field in the entity that is the inverse side of the relationship.
* cascade - Cascade Option
* fetch - One of LAZY or EAGER
> **NOTE**
> For ManyToMany bidirectional relationships either side may be the owning side (the side
> that defines the @JoinTable and/or does not make use of the mappedBy attribute, thus
> using a default join table).
Example:
<?php
/**
* Owning Side
*
* @ManyToMany(targetEntity="Group", inversedBy="features")
* @JoinTable(name="user_groups",
* joinColumns={@JoinColumn(name="user_id", referencedColumnName="id")},
* inverseJoinColumns={@JoinColumn(name="group_id", referencedColumnName="id")}
* )
*/
private $groups;
/**
* Inverse Side
*
* @ManyToMany(targetEntity="User", mappedBy="groups")
*/
private $features;
<a name="ann_mappedsuperclass"></a>
### @MappedSuperclass
An mapped superclass is an abstract or concrete class that provides persistent entity state and mapping information
for its subclasses, but which is not itself an entity. This annotation is specified on the Class docblock
and has no additional attributes.
The @MappedSuperclass annotation cannot be used in conjunction with @Entity. See the Inheritance Mapping
section for [more details on the restrictions of mapped superclasses](/../inheritance-mapping#mapped-superclasses).
<a name="ann_onetoone"></a>
### @OneToOne
The @OneToOne annotation works almost exactly as the [@ManyToOne](#ann_manytoone) with one additional option
that can be specified. The configuration defaults for [@JoinColumn](#ann_joincolumn) using the target entity table and primary key column names
apply here too.
Required attributes:
* targetEntity - FQCN of the referenced target entity. Can be the unqualified class name if both classes are in the same namespace. *IMPORTANT:* No leading backslash!
Optional attributes:
* cascade - Cascade Option
* fetch - One of LAZY or EAGER
* orphanRemoval - Boolean that specifies if orphans, inverse OneToOne entities that are not connected to any
owning instance, should be removed by Doctrine. Defaults to false.
* inversedBy - The inversedBy attribute designates the field in the entity that is the inverse side of the relationship.
Example:
<?php
/**
* @OneToOne(targetEntity="Customer")
* @JoinColumn(name="customer_id", referencedColumnName="id")
*/
private $customer;
<a name="ann_onetomany"></a>
### @OneToMany
Required attributes:
* targetEntity - FQCN of the referenced target entity. Can be the unqualified class name if both classes are in the same namespace. *IMPORTANT:* No leading backslash!
Optional attributes:
* cascade - Cascade Option
* orphanRemoval - Boolean that specifies if orphans, inverse OneToOne entities that are not connected to any
owning instance, should be removed by Doctrine. Defaults to false.
* mappedBy - This option specifies the property name on the targetEntity that is the owning side of this relation. Its a required attribute for the inverse side of a relationship.
Example:
<?php
/**
* @OneToMany(targetEntity="Phonenumber", mappedBy="user", cascade={"persist", "remove", "merge"}, orphanRemoval=true)
*/
public $phonenumbers;
<a name="ann_orderby"></a>
### @OrderBy
Optional annotation that can be specified with a [@ManyToMany](#ann_manytomany) or [@OneToMany](#ann_onetomany)
annotation to specify by which criteria the collection should be retrieved from the database by using an ORDER BY
clause.
This annotation requires a single non-attributed value with an DQL snippet:
Example:
<?php
/**
* @ManyToMany(targetEntity="Group")
* @OrderBy({"name" = "ASC"})
*/
private $groups;
The DQL Snippet in OrderBy is only allowed to consist of unqualified,
unquoted field names and of an optional ASC/DESC positional statement.
Multiple Fields are separated by a comma (,). The referenced field
names have to exist on the `targetEntity` class of the `@ManyToMany` or
`@OneToMany` annotation.
<a name="ann_postload"></a>
### @PostLoad
Marks a method on the entity to be called as a @PostLoad event. Only works with @HasLifecycleCallbacks in the entity class PHP DocBlock.
<a name="ann_postpersist"></a>
### @PostPersist
Marks a method on the entity to be called as a @PostPersist event. Only works with @HasLifecycleCallbacks in the entity class PHP DocBlock.
<a name="ann_postremove"></a>
### @PostRemove
Marks a method on the entity to be called as a @PostRemove event. Only works with @HasLifecycleCallbacks in the entity class PHP DocBlock.
<a name="ann_postupdate"></a>
### @PostUpdate
Marks a method on the entity to be called as a @PostUpdate event. Only works with @HasLifecycleCallbacks in the entity class PHP DocBlock.
<a name="ann_prepersist"></a>
### @PrePersist
Marks a method on the entity to be called as a @PrePersist event. Only works with @HasLifecycleCallbacks in the entity class PHP DocBlock.
<a name="ann_preremove"></a>
### @PreRemove
Marks a method on the entity to be called as a @PreRemove event. Only works with @HasLifecycleCallbacks in the entity class PHP DocBlock.
<a name="ann_preupdate"></a>
### @PreUpdate
Marks a method on the entity to be called as a @PreUpdate event. Only works with @HasLifecycleCallbacks in the entity class PHP DocBlock.
<a name="ann_sequencegenerator"></a>
### @SequenceGenerator
For the use with @generatedValue(strategy="SEQUENCE") this annotation allows to specify details about the sequence,
such as the increment size and initial values of the sequence.
Required attributes:
* sequenceName - Name of the sequence
Optional attributes:
* allocationSize - Increment the sequence by the allocation size when its fetched. A value larger than 1 allows to optimize for scenarios where you create more than one new entity per request. Defaults to 10
* initialValue - Where does the sequence start, defaults to 1.
Example:
<?php
/**
* @Id
* @GeneratedValue(strategy="SEQUENCE")
* @Column(type="integer")
* @SequenceGenerator(sequenceName="tablename_seq", initialValue=1, allocationSize=100)
*/
protected $id = null;
<a name="ann_table"></a>
### @Table
Annotation describes the table an entity is persisted in. It is placed on the entity-class PHP DocBlock and is optional.
If it is not specified the table name will default to the entities unqualified classname.
Required attributes:
* name - Name of the table
Optional attributes:
* schema - Database schema name of this table.
* indexes - Array of @Index annotations
* uniqueConstraints - Array of @UniqueConstraint annotations.
Example:
<?php
/**
* @Entity
* @Table(name="user",
* uniqueConstraints={@UniqueConstraint(name="user_unique",columns={"username"})},
* indexes={@Index(name="user_idx", columns={"email"})}
* )
*/
class User { }
<a name="ann_uniqueconstraint"></a>
### @UniqueConstraint
Annotation is used inside the [@Table](#ann_table) annotation on the entity-class level. It allows to hint the
SchemaTool to generate a database unique constraint on the specified table columns. It only has meaning in the SchemaTool
schema generation context.
Required attributes:
* name - Name of the Index
* columns - Array of columns.
Example:
<?php
/**
* @Entity
* @Table(name="ecommerce_products",uniqueConstraints={@UniqueConstraint(name="search_idx", columns={"name", "email"})})
*/
class ECommerceProduct
{
}
<a name="ann_version"></a>
### @Version
Marker annotation that defines a specified column as version attribute used in an optimistic locking scenario.
It only works on [@Column](#ann_column) annotations that have the type integer or datetime.
Example:
<?php
/**
* @column(type="integer")
* @version
*/
protected $version;

3
manual/en/architecture.rst
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@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
Architecture
============
This chapter gives an overview of the overall architecture,
terminology and constraints of Doctrine 2. It is recommended to
read this chapter carefully.

82
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@ -1,82 +0,0 @@
This chapter gives an overview of the overall architecture, terminology and constraints of
Doctrine 2. It is recommended to read this chapter carefully.
## Entities
An entity is a lightweight, persistent domain object. An entity can be any regular
PHP class observing the following restrictions:
* An entity class must not be final or contain final methods.
* All persistent properties/field of any entity class should always be private or protected, otherwise lazy-loading might not work as expected.
* An entity class must not implement `__clone` or [do so safely](http://www.doctrine-project.org/documentation/cookbook/2_0/en/implementing-wakeup-or-clone).
* An entity class must not implement `__wakeup` or [do so safely](http://www.doctrine-project.org/documentation/cookbook/2_0/en/implementing-wakeup-or-clone).
Also consider implementing [Serializable](http://de3.php.net/manual/en/class.serializable.php]) instead.
* Any two entity classes in a class hierarchy that inherit directly or indirectly from one another must not have a mapped property with the same name.
That is, if B inherits from A then B must not have a mapped field with the same name as an already mapped field that is inherited from A.
Entities support inheritance, polymorphic associations, and polymorphic queries.
Both abstract and concrete classes can be entities. Entities may extend non-entity
classes as well as entity classes, and non-entity classes may extend entity classes.
> **TIP**
> The constructor of an entity is only ever invoked when *you* construct a new instance
> with the *new* keyword. Doctrine never calls entity constructors, thus you are free to use
> them as you wish and even have it require arguments of any type.
### Entity states
An entity instance can be characterized as being NEW, MANAGED, DETACHED or REMOVED.
* A NEW entity instance has no persistent identity, and is not yet associated with an EntityManager and a UnitOfWork (i.e. those just created with the "new" operator).
* A MANAGED entity instance is an instance with a persistent identity that is associated with an EntityManager and whose persistence is thus managed.
* A DETACHED entity instance is an instance with a persistent identity that is not (or no longer) associated with an EntityManager and a UnitOfWork.
* A REMOVED entity instance is an instance with a persistent identity, associated with an EntityManager, that will be removed from the database upon transaction commit.
### Persistent fields
The persistent state of an entity is represented by instance variables. An
instance variable must be directly accessed only from within the methods of the
entity by the entity instance itself. Instance variables must not be accessed by
clients of the entity. The state of the entity is available to clients only through
the entity’s methods, i.e. accessor methods (getter/setter methods) or other
business methods.
Collection-valued persistent fields and properties must be defined in terms of
the `Doctrine\Common\Collections\Collection` interface. The collection
implementation type may be used by the application to initialize fields or
properties before the entity is made persistent. Once the entity becomes
managed (or detached), subsequent access must be through the interface type.
### Serializing entities
Serializing entities can be problematic and is not really recommended, at least not as long as an
entity instance still holds references to proxy objects or is still managed by an EntityManager.
If you intend to serialize (and unserialize) entity instances that still hold references to proxy objects
you may run into problems with private properties because of technical limitations.
Proxy objects implement `__sleep` and it is not possible for `__sleep` to return names of
private properties in parent classes. On the other hand it is not a solution for proxy objects
to implement `Serializable` because Serializable does not work well with any potential cyclic
object references (at least we did not find a way yet, if you did, please contact us).
## The EntityManager
The `EntityManager` class is a central access point to the ORM functionality
provided by Doctrine 2. The `EntityManager` API is used to manage the persistence
of your objects and to query for persistent objects.
### Transactional write-behind
An `EntityManager` and the underlying `UnitOfWork` employ a strategy called
"transactional write-behind" that delays the execution of SQL statements in
order to execute them in the most efficient way and to execute them at the end
of a transaction so that all write locks are quickly released. You should see
Doctrine as a tool to synchronize your in-memory objects with the database in
well defined units of work. Work with your objects and modify them as usual and
when you're done call `EntityManager#flush()` to make your changes persistent.
### The Unit of Work
Internally an `EntityManager` uses a `UnitOfWork`, which is a typical
implementation of the [Unit of Work pattern](http://martinfowler.com/eaaCatalog/unitOfWork.html), to keep track of all the things that need to be done
the next time `flush` is invoked. You usually do not directly interact with
a `UnitOfWork` but with the `EntityManager` instead.

60
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@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
Association Mapping
===================
This chapter explains how associations between entities are mapped
with Doctrine. We start out with an explanation of the concept of
owning and inverse sides which is important to understand when
@ -65,7 +68,9 @@ The owning side of a bidirectional association is the side Doctrine
consequently whether there is anything to do to update the
association in the database.
**NOTE** "Owning side" and "inverse side" are technical concepts of
.. note::
"Owning side" and "inverse side" are technical concepts of
the ORM technology, not concepts of your domain model. What you
consider as the owning side in your domain model can be different
from what the owning side is for Doctrine. These are unrelated.
@ -96,7 +101,9 @@ and more importantly because you can not pass this collection to
all the useful PHP array functions, which makes it very hard to
work with.
**CAUTION** The Collection interface and ArrayCollection class,
.. warning::
The Collection interface and ArrayCollection class,
like everything else in the Doctrine namespace, are neither part of
the ORM, nor the DBAL, it is a plain PHP class that has no outside
dependencies apart from dependencies on PHP itself (and the SPL).
@ -280,7 +287,7 @@ Or you can trigger the validation manually:
If the mapping is invalid the errors array contains a positive
number of elements with error messages.
**NOTE**
.. note::
One common error is to use a backlash in front of the
fully-qualified class-name. Whenever a FQCN is represented inside a
@ -325,9 +332,8 @@ as the defaults would be the same.
Generated MySQL Schema:
::
.. code-block:: sql
[sql]
CREATE TABLE Product (
id INT AUTO_INCREMENT NOT NULL,
shipping_id INT DEFAULT NULL,
@ -381,9 +387,8 @@ as the defaults would be the same.
Generated MySQL Schema:
::
.. code-block:: sql
[sql]
CREATE TABLE Cart (
id INT AUTO_INCREMENT NOT NULL,
customer_id INT DEFAULT NULL,
@ -426,9 +431,8 @@ as the defaults would be the same.
With the generated MySQL Schema:
::
.. code-block:: sql
[sql]
CREATE TABLE Student (
id INT AUTO_INCREMENT NOT NULL,
mentor_id INT DEFAULT NULL,
@ -476,15 +480,16 @@ association:
// ...
}
**NOTE** One-To-Many uni-directional relations with join-table only
.. note::
One-To-Many uni-directional relations with join-table only
work using the @ManyToMany annotation and a unique-constraint.
Generates the following MySQL Schema:
::
.. code-block:: sql
[sql]
CREATE TABLE User (
id INT AUTO_INCREMENT NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY(id)
@ -532,16 +537,17 @@ with the following:
// ...
}
**TIP** The above ``@JoinColumn`` is optional as it would default
.. note::
The above ``@JoinColumn`` is optional as it would default
to ``address_id`` and ``id`` anyways. You can omit it and let it
use the defaults.
Generated MySQL Schema:
::
.. code-block:: sql
[sql]
CREATE TABLE User (
id INT AUTO_INCREMENT NOT NULL,
address_id INT DEFAULT NULL,
@ -597,9 +603,8 @@ as the defaults would be the same.
Generated MySQL Schema:
::
.. code-block:: sql
[sql]
CREATE TABLE Product (
id INT AUTO_INCREMENT NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY(id)
@ -649,9 +654,8 @@ as the defaults would be the same.
Generated MySQL Schema:
::
.. code-block:: sql
[sql]
CREATE TABLE Category (
id INT AUTO_INCREMENT NOT NULL,
parent_id INT DEFAULT NULL,
@ -706,9 +710,8 @@ entities:
Generated MySQL Schema:
::
.. code-block:: sql
[sql]
CREATE TABLE User (
id INT AUTO_INCREMENT NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY(id)
@ -868,9 +871,8 @@ field named ``$friendsWithMe`` and ``$myFriends``.
Generated MySQL Schema:
::
.. code-block:: sql
[sql]
CREATE TABLE User (
id INT AUTO_INCREMENT NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY(id)
@ -940,30 +942,26 @@ ORDER BY, since g is not fetch joined:
However the following:
::
.. code-block:: sql
[sql]
SELECT u, g FROM User u JOIN u.groups g WHERE u.id = 10
...would internally be rewritten to:
::
.. code-block:: sql
[sql]
SELECT u, g FROM User u JOIN u.groups g WHERE u.id = 10 ORDER BY g.name ASC
You can't reverse the order with an explicit DQL ORDER BY:
::
.. code-block:: sql
[sql]
SELECT u, g FROM User u JOIN u.groups g WHERE u.id = 10 ORDER BY g.name DESC
...is internally rewritten to:
::
.. code-block:: sql
[sql]
SELECT u, g FROM User u JOIN u.groups g WHERE u.id = 10 ORDER BY g.name DESC, g.name ASC

756
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@ -1,756 +0,0 @@
This chapter explains how associations between entities are mapped with Doctrine. We start out with an explanation of the concept of owning and inverse sides which is important to understand when working with bidirectional associations. Please read these explanations carefully.
## Owning Side and Inverse Side
When mapping bidirectional associations it is important to understand the concept of the owning and inverse sides. The following general rules apply:
* Relationships may be bidirectional or unidirectional.
* A bidirectional relationship has both an owning side and an inverse side.
* A unidirectional relationship only has an owning side.
* The owning side of a relationship determines the updates to the relationship in the database.
The following rules apply to *bidirectional* associations:
* The inverse side of a bidirectional relationship must refer to its owning side by use of the mappedBy attribute of the OneToOne, OneToMany, or ManyToMany mapping declaration. The mappedBy attribute designates the field in the entity that is the owner of the relationship.
* The owning side of a bidirectional relationship must refer to its inverse side by use of the inversedBy attribute of the OneToOne, ManyToOne, or ManyToMany mapping declaration. The inversedBy attribute designates the field in the entity that is the inverse side of the relationship.
* The many side of OneToMany/ManyToOne bidirectional relationships *must* be the owning side, hence the mappedBy element can not be specified on the ManyToOne side.
* For OneToOne bidirectional relationships, the owning side corresponds to the side that contains the corresponding foreign key (@JoinColumn(s)).
* For ManyToMany bidirectional relationships either side may be the owning side (the side that defines the @JoinTable and/or does not make use of the mappedBy attribute, thus using a default join table).
Especially important is the following:
**The owning side of a relationship determines the updates to the relationship in the database**.
To fully understand this, remember how bidirectional associations are maintained
in the object world. There are 2 references on each side of the association
and these 2 references both represent the same association but can change
independently of one another. Of course, in a correct application the semantics
of the bidirectional association are properly maintained by the application
developer (that's his responsibility). Doctrine needs to know which of
these two in-memory references is the one that should be persisted and which
not. This is what the owning/inverse concept is mainly used for.
**Changes made only to the inverse side of an association are ignored. Make sure to update both sides of a bidirectional association (or at least the owning side, from Doctrine's point of view)**
The owning side of a bidirectional association is the side Doctrine "looks at" when determining
the state of the association, and consequently whether there is anything to do to update the association
in the database.
> **NOTE**
> "Owning side" and "inverse side" are technical concepts of the ORM technology, not concepts
> of your domain model. What you consider as the owning side in your domain model can be different
> from what the owning side is for Doctrine. These are unrelated.
## Collections
In all the examples of many-valued associations in this manual we will make use of a `Collection` interface and a corresponding default implementation `ArrayCollection` that are defined in the `Doctrine\Common\Collections` namespace. Why do we need that? Doesn't that couple my domain model to Doctrine? Unfortunately, PHP arrays, while being great for many things, do not make up for good collections of business objects, especially not in the context of an ORM. The reason is that plain PHP arrays can not be transparently extended / instrumented in PHP code, which is necessary for a lot of advanced ORM features. The classes / interfaces that come closest to an OO collection are ArrayAccess and ArrayObject but until instances of these types can be used in all places where a plain array can be used (something that may happen in PHP6) their usability is fairly limited. You "can" type-hint on `ArrayAccess` instead of `Collection`, since the Collection interface extends `ArrayAccess`, but this will severely limit you in the way you can work with the collection, because the `ArrayAccess` API is (intentionally) very primitive and more importantly because you can not pass this collection to all the useful PHP array functions, which makes it very hard to work with.
> **CAUTION**
> The Collection interface and ArrayCollection class, like everything else in the
> Doctrine\Common namespace, are neither part of the ORM, nor the DBAL, it is a plain PHP
> class that has no outside dependencies apart from dependencies on PHP itself (and the
> SPL). Therefore using this class in your domain classes and elsewhere does not introduce
> a coupling to the persistence layer. The Collection class, like everything else in the
> Common namespace, is not part of the persistence layer. You could even copy that class
> over to your project if you want to remove Doctrine from your project and all your
> domain classes will work the same as before.
## Mapping Defaults
Before we introduce all the association mappings in detail, you should note that the @JoinColumn and @JoinTable
definitions are usually optional and have sensible default values.
The defaults for a join column in a one-to-one/many-to-one association is as follows:
name: "<fieldname>_id"
referencedColumnName: "id"
As an example, consider this mapping:
<?php
/** @OneToOne(targetEntity="Shipping") */
private $shipping;
This is essentially the same as the following, more verbose, mapping:
<?php
/**
* @OneToOne(targetEntity="Shipping")
* @JoinColumn(name="shipping_id", referencedColumnName="id")
*/
private $shipping;
The @JoinTable definition used for many-to-many mappings has similar defaults. As an example, consider this mapping:
<?php
class User
{
//...
/** @ManyToMany(targetEntity="Group") */
private $groups;
//...
}
This is essentially the same as the following, more verbose, mapping:
<?php
class User
{
//...
/**
* @ManyToMany(targetEntity="Group")
* @JoinTable(name="User_Group",
* joinColumns={@JoinColumn(name="User_id", referencedColumnName="id")},
* inverseJoinColumns={@JoinColumn(name="Group_id", referencedColumnName="id")}
* )
*/
private $groups;
//...
}
In that case, the name of the join table defaults to a combination of the simple, unqualified class names of the participating classes, separated by an underscore character. The names of the join columns default to the simple, unqualified class name of the targeted class followed by "_id". The referencedColumnName always defaults to "id", just as in one-to-one or many-to-one mappings.
If you accept these defaults, you can reduce the mapping code to a minimum.
## Initializing Collections
You have to be careful when using entity fields that contain a collection of related entities. Say we have a User entity that contains a collection of groups:
<?php
/** @Entity */
class User
{
/** @ManyToMany(targetEntity="Group") */
private $groups;
public function getGroups()
{
return $this->groups;
}
}
With this code alone the `$groups` field only contains an instance of `Doctrine\Common\Collections\Collection` if the user is retrieved from
Doctrine, however not after you instantiated a fresh instance of the User. When your user entity is still new `$groups` will obviously be null.
This is why we recommend to initialize all collection fields to an empty `ArrayCollection` in your entities constructor:
<?php
use Doctrine\Common\Collections\ArrayCollection;
/** @Entity */
class User
{
/** @ManyToMany(targetEntity="Group") */
private $groups;
public function __construct()
{
$this->groups = new ArrayCollection();
}
public function getGroups()
{
return $this->groups;
}
}
Now the following code will be working even if the Entity hasn't been associated with an EntityManager yet:
<?php
$group = $entityManager->find('Group', $groupId);
$user = new User();
$user->getGroups()->add($group);
## Runtime vs Development Mapping Validation
For performance reasons Doctrine 2 has to skip some of the necessary validation of association mappings.
You have to execute this validation in your development workflow to verify the associations are correctly
defined.
You can either use the Doctrine Command Line Tool:
doctrine orm:validate-schema
Or you can trigger the validation manually:
use Doctrine\ORM\Tools\SchemaValidator;
$validator = new SchemaValidator($entityManager);
$errors = $validator->validateMapping();
if (count($errors) > 0) {
// Lots of errors!
echo implode("\n\n", $errors);
}
If the mapping is invalid the errors array contains a positive number of elements with error messages.
> **NOTE**
>
> One common error is to use a backlash in front of the fully-qualified class-name. Whenever a FQCN is represented
> inside a string (such as in your mapping definitions) you have to drop the prefix backslash. PHP does this with
> `get_class()` or Reflection methods for backwards compatibility reasons.
## One-To-One, Unidirectional
A unidirectional one-to-one association is very common. Here is an example of a `Product` that has one `Shipping` object associated to it. The `Shipping` side does not reference back to the `Product` so it is unidirectional.
<?php
/** @Entity */
class Product
{
// ...
/**
* @OneToOne(targetEntity="Shipping")
* @JoinColumn(name="shipping_id", referencedColumnName="id")
*/
private $shipping;
// ...
}
/** @Entity */
class Shipping
{
// ...
}
Note that the @JoinColumn is not really necessary in this example, as the defaults would be the same.
Generated MySQL Schema:
[sql]
CREATE TABLE Product (
id INT AUTO_INCREMENT NOT NULL,
shipping_id INT DEFAULT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY(id)
) ENGINE = InnoDB;
CREATE TABLE Shipping (
id INT AUTO_INCREMENT NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY(id)
) ENGINE = InnoDB;
ALTER TABLE Product ADD FOREIGN KEY (shipping_id) REFERENCES Shipping(id);
## One-To-One, Bidirectional
Here is a one-to-one relationship between a `Customer` and a `Cart`. The `Cart`
has a reference back to the `Customer` so it is bidirectional.
<?php
/** @Entity */
class Customer
{
// ...
/**
* @OneToOne(targetEntity="Cart", mappedBy="customer")
*/
private $cart;
// ...
}
/** @Entity */
class Cart
{
// ...
/**
* @OneToOne(targetEntity="Customer", inversedBy="cart")
* @JoinColumn(name="customer_id", referencedColumnName="id")
*/
private $customer;
// ...
}
Note that the @JoinColumn is not really necessary in this example, as the defaults would be the same.
Generated MySQL Schema:
[sql]
CREATE TABLE Cart (
id INT AUTO_INCREMENT NOT NULL,
customer_id INT DEFAULT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY(id)
) ENGINE = InnoDB;
CREATE TABLE Customer (
id INT AUTO_INCREMENT NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY(id)
) ENGINE = InnoDB;
ALTER TABLE Cart ADD FOREIGN KEY (customer_id) REFERENCES Customer(id);
See how the foreign key is defined on the owning side of the relation, the table `Cart`.
## One-To-One, Self-referencing
You can easily have self referencing one-to-one relationships like below.
<?php
/** @Entity */
class Student
{
// ...
/**
* @OneToOne(targetEntity="Student")
* @JoinColumn(name="mentor_id", referencedColumnName="id")
*/
private $mentor;
// ...
}
Note that the @JoinColumn is not really necessary in this example, as the defaults would be the same.
With the generated MySQL Schema:
[sql]
CREATE TABLE Student (
id INT AUTO_INCREMENT NOT NULL,
mentor_id INT DEFAULT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY(id)
) ENGINE = InnoDB;
ALTER TABLE Student ADD FOREIGN KEY (mentor_id) REFERENCES Student(id);
## One-To-Many, Unidirectional with Join Table
A unidirectional one-to-many association can be mapped through a join table. From Doctrine's point of view, it is simply mapped as a unidirectional many-to-many whereby a unique constraint on one of the join columns enforces the one-to-many cardinality.
The following example sets up such a unidirectional one-to-many association:
<?php
/** @Entity */
class User
{
// ...
/**
* @ManyToMany(targetEntity="Phonenumber")
* @JoinTable(name="users_phonenumbers",
* joinColumns={@JoinColumn(name="user_id", referencedColumnName="id")},
* inverseJoinColumns={@JoinColumn(name="phonenumber_id", referencedColumnName="id", unique=true)}
* )
*/
private $phonenumbers;
public function __construct() {
$this->phonenumbers = new \Doctrine\Common\Collections\ArrayCollection();
}
// ...
}
/** @Entity */
class Phonenumber
{
// ...
}
> **NOTE**
> One-To-Many uni-directional relations with join-table only work using the @ManyToMany annotation and a unique-constraint.
Generates the following MySQL Schema:
[sql]
CREATE TABLE User (
id INT AUTO_INCREMENT NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY(id)
) ENGINE = InnoDB;
CREATE TABLE users_phonenumbers (
user_id INT NOT NULL,
phonenumber_id INT NOT NULL,
UNIQUE INDEX users_phonenumbers_phonenumber_id_uniq (phonenumber_id),
PRIMARY KEY(user_id, phonenumber_id)
) ENGINE = InnoDB;
CREATE TABLE Phonenumber (
id INT AUTO_INCREMENT NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY(id)
) ENGINE = InnoDB;
ALTER TABLE users_phonenumbers ADD FOREIGN KEY (user_id) REFERENCES User(id);
ALTER TABLE users_phonenumbers ADD FOREIGN KEY (phonenumber_id) REFERENCES Phonenumber(id);
## Many-To-One, Unidirectional
You can easily implement a many-to-one unidirectional association with the following:
<?php
/** @Entity */
class User
{
// ...
/**
* @ManyToOne(targetEntity="Address")
* @JoinColumn(name="address_id", referencedColumnName="id")
*/
private $address;
}
/** @Entity */
class Address
{
// ...
}
> **TIP**
> The above `@JoinColumn` is optional as it would default to `address_id` and `id`
> anyways. You can omit it and let it use the defaults.
Generated MySQL Schema:
[sql]
CREATE TABLE User (
id INT AUTO_INCREMENT NOT NULL,
address_id INT DEFAULT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY(id)
) ENGINE = InnoDB;
CREATE TABLE Address (
id INT AUTO_INCREMENT NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY(id)
) ENGINE = InnoDB;
ALTER TABLE User ADD FOREIGN KEY (address_id) REFERENCES Address(id);
## One-To-Many, Bidirectional
Bidirectional one-to-many associations are very common. The following code shows an example with a Product and a Feature class:
<?php
/** @Entity */
class Product
{
// ...
/**
* @OneToMany(targetEntity="Feature", mappedBy="product")
*/
private $features;
// ...
public function __construct() {
$this->features = new \Doctrine\Common\Collections\ArrayCollection();
}
}
/** @Entity */
class Feature
{
// ...
/**
* @ManyToOne(targetEntity="Product", inversedBy="features")
* @JoinColumn(name="product_id", referencedColumnName="id")
*/
private $product;
// ...
}
Note that the @JoinColumn is not really necessary in this example, as the defaults would be the same.
Generated MySQL Schema:
[sql]
CREATE TABLE Product (
id INT AUTO_INCREMENT NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY(id)
) ENGINE = InnoDB;
CREATE TABLE Feature (
id INT AUTO_INCREMENT NOT NULL,
product_id INT DEFAULT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY(id)
) ENGINE = InnoDB;
ALTER TABLE Feature ADD FOREIGN KEY (product_id) REFERENCES Product(id);
## One-To-Many, Self-referencing
You can also setup a one-to-many association that is self-referencing. In this example we
setup a hierarchy of `Category` objects by creating a self referencing relationship.
This effectively models a hierarchy of categories and from the database perspective is known as an adjacency list approach.
<?php
/** @Entity */
class Category
{
// ...
/**
* @OneToMany(targetEntity="Category", mappedBy="parent")
*/
private $children;
/**
* @ManyToOne(targetEntity="Category", inversedBy="children")
* @JoinColumn(name="parent_id", referencedColumnName="id")
*/
private $parent;
// ...
public function __construct() {
$this->children = new \Doctrine\Common\Collections\ArrayCollection();
}
}
Note that the @JoinColumn is not really necessary in this example, as the defaults would be the same.
Generated MySQL Schema:
[sql]
CREATE TABLE Category (
id INT AUTO_INCREMENT NOT NULL,
parent_id INT DEFAULT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY(id)
) ENGINE = InnoDB;
ALTER TABLE Category ADD FOREIGN KEY (parent_id) REFERENCES Category(id);
## Many-To-Many, Unidirectional
Real many-to-many associations are less common. The following example shows a unidirectional association between User and Group entities:
<?php
/** @Entity */
class User
{
// ...
/**
* @ManyToMany(targetEntity="Group")
* @JoinTable(name="users_groups",
* joinColumns={@JoinColumn(name="user_id", referencedColumnName="id")},
* inverseJoinColumns={@JoinColumn(name="group_id", referencedColumnName="id")}
* )
*/
private $groups;
// ...
public function __construct() {
$this->groups = new \Doctrine\Common\Collections\ArrayCollection();
}
}
/** @Entity */
class Group
{
// ...
}
> **NOTE**
> Why are many-to-many associations less common? Because frequently you want to associate
> additional attributes with an association, in which case you introduce an association
> class. Consequently, the direct many-to-many association disappears and is replaced
> by one-to-many/many-to-one associations between the 3 participating classes.
Generated MySQL Schema:
[sql]
CREATE TABLE User (
id INT AUTO_INCREMENT NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY(id)
) ENGINE = InnoDB;
CREATE TABLE users_groups (
user_id INT NOT NULL,
group_id INT NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY(user_id, group_id)
) ENGINE = InnoDB;
CREATE TABLE Group (
id INT AUTO_INCREMENT NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY(id)
) ENGINE = InnoDB;
ALTER TABLE users_groups ADD FOREIGN KEY (user_id) REFERENCES User(id);
ALTER TABLE users_groups ADD FOREIGN KEY (group_id) REFERENCES Group(id);
## Many-To-Many, Bidirectional
Here is a similar many-to-many relationship as above except this one is bidirectional.
<?php
/** @Entity */
class User
{
// ...
/**
* @ManyToMany(targetEntity="Group", inversedBy="users")
* @JoinTable(name="users_groups",
* joinColumns={@JoinColumn(name="user_id", referencedColumnName="id")},
* inverseJoinColumns={@JoinColumn(name="group_id", referencedColumnName="id")}
* )
*/
private $groups;
public function __construct() {
$this->groups = new \Doctrine\Common\Collections\ArrayCollection();
}
// ...
}
/** @Entity */
class Group
{
// ...
/**
* @ManyToMany(targetEntity="User", mappedBy="groups")
*/
private $users;
public function __construct() {
$this->users = new \Doctrine\Common\Collections\ArrayCollection();
}
// ...
}
The MySQL schema is exactly the same as for the Many-To-Many uni-directional case above.
### Picking Owning and Inverse Side
For Many-To-Many associations you can chose which entity is the owning and which the inverse side. There is
a very simple semantic rule to decide which side is more suitable to be the owning side from a developers perspective.
You only have to ask yourself, which entity is responsible for the connection management and pick that as the owning side.
Take an example of two entities `Article` and `Tag`. Whenever you want to connect an Article to a Tag and vice-versa, it is mostly
the Article that is responsible for this relation. Whenever you add a new article, you want to connect it with existing or new tags.
Your create Article form will probably support this notion and allow to specify the tags directly. This is why you should
pick the Article as owning side, as it makes the code more understandable:
<?php
class Article
{
private $tags;
public function addTag(Tag $tag)
{
$tag->addArticle($this); // synchronously updating inverse side
$this->tags[] = $tag;
}
}
class Tag
{
private $articles;
public function addArticle(Article $article)
{
$this->articles[] = $article;
}
}
This allows to group the tag adding on the `Article` side of the association:
<?php
$article = new Article();
$article->addTag($tagA);
$article->addTag($tagB);
## Many-To-Many, Self-referencing
You can even have a self-referencing many-to-many association. A common scenario is where a `User` has friends and the target entity of that relationship is a `User` so it is self referencing. In this example it is bidirectional so `User` has a field named `$friendsWithMe` and `$myFriends`.
<?php
/** @Entity */
class User
{
// ...
/**
* @ManyToMany(targetEntity="User", mappedBy="myFriends")
*/
private $friendsWithMe;
/**
* @ManyToMany(targetEntity="User", inversedBy="friendsWithMe")
* @JoinTable(name="friends",
* joinColumns={@JoinColumn(name="user_id", referencedColumnName="id")},
* inverseJoinColumns={@JoinColumn(name="friend_user_id", referencedColumnName="id")}
* )
*/
private $myFriends;
public function __construct() {
$this->friendsWithMe = new \Doctrine\Common\Collections\ArrayCollection();
$this->myFriends = new \Doctrine\Common\Collections\ArrayCollection();
}
// ...
}
Generated MySQL Schema:
[sql]
CREATE TABLE User (
id INT AUTO_INCREMENT NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY(id)
) ENGINE = InnoDB;
CREATE TABLE friends (
user_id INT NOT NULL,
friend_user_id INT NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY(user_id, friend_user_id)
) ENGINE = InnoDB;
ALTER TABLE friends ADD FOREIGN KEY (user_id) REFERENCES User(id);
ALTER TABLE friends ADD FOREIGN KEY (friend_user_id) REFERENCES User(id);
## Ordering To-Many Collections
In many use-cases you will want to sort collections when they are retrieved from the database.
In userland you do this as long as you haven't initially saved an entity with its associations
into the database. To retrieve a sorted collection from the database you can use the
`@OrderBy` annotation with an collection that specifies an DQL snippet that is appended
to all queries with this collection.
Additional to any `@OneToMany` or `@ManyToMany` annotation you can specify the `@OrderBy`
in the following way:
<?php
/** @Entity */
class User
{
// ...
/**
* @ManyToMany(targetEntity="Group")
* @OrderBy({"name" = "ASC"})
*/
private $groups;
}
The DQL Snippet in OrderBy is only allowed to consist of unqualified,
unquoted field names and of an optional ASC/DESC positional statement.
Multiple Fields are separated by a comma (,). The referenced field
names have to exist on the `targetEntity` class of the `@ManyToMany` or
`@OneToMany` annotation.
The semantics of this feature can be described as follows.
* `@OrderBy` acts as an implicit ORDER BY clause for the given fields, that is appended
to all the explicitly given ORDER BY items.
* All collections of the ordered type are always retrieved in an ordered fashion.
* To keep the database impact low, these implicit ORDER BY items are only added
to an DQL Query if the collection is fetch joined in the DQL query.
Given our previously defined example, the following would not add ORDER BY, since g is not fetch joined:
[sql]
SELECT u FROM User u JOIN u.groups g WHERE SIZE(g) > 10
However the following:
[sql]
SELECT u, g FROM User u JOIN u.groups g WHERE u.id = 10
...would internally be rewritten to:
[sql]
SELECT u, g FROM User u JOIN u.groups g WHERE u.id = 10 ORDER BY g.name ASC
You can't reverse the order with an explicit DQL ORDER BY:
[sql]
SELECT u, g FROM User u JOIN u.groups g WHERE u.id = 10 ORDER BY g.name DESC
...is internally rewritten to:
[sql]
SELECT u, g FROM User u JOIN u.groups g WHERE u.id = 10 ORDER BY g.name DESC, g.name ASC

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@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
Basic Mapping
=============
This chapter explains the basic mapping of objects and properties.
Mapping of associations will be covered in the next chapter
"Association Mapping".
@ -17,7 +20,9 @@ This manual usually uses docblock annotations in all the examples
that are spread throughout all chapters. There are dedicated
chapters for XML and YAML mapping, respectively.
**NOTE** If you're wondering which mapping driver gives the best
.. note::
If you're wondering which mapping driver gives the best
performance, the answer is: None. Once the metadata of a class has
been read from the source (annotations, xml or yaml) it is stored
in an instance of the ``Doctrine\ORM\Mapping\ClassMetadata`` class
@ -127,11 +132,14 @@ built-in mapping types:
PHP double. *IMPORTANT*: Works only with locale settings that use
decimal points as separator.
**NOTE** Doctrine Mapping Types are NOT SQL types and NOT PHP
.. note::
Doctrine Mapping Types are NOT SQL types and NOT PHP
types! They are mapping types between 2 types.
.. warning::
**CAUTION** Mapping types are *case-sensitive*. For example, using
Mapping types are *case-sensitive*. For example, using
a DateTime column will NOT match the datetime type that ships with
Doctrine 2!
@ -259,7 +267,9 @@ know about it. This can be achieved through the
``Doctrine\DBAL\Configuration#setCustomTypes(array $types)``
method.
**NOTE** ``Doctrine\ORM\Configuration`` is a subclass of
.. note::
``Doctrine\ORM\Configuration`` is a subclass of
``Doctrine\DBAL\Configuration``, so the methods are available on
your ORM Configuration instance as well.
@ -428,7 +438,9 @@ need to access the sequence once to generate the identifiers for
INCREMENT BY value, otherwise you may get duplicate keys.
**TIP** It is possible to use strategy="AUTO" and at the same time
.. note::
It is possible to use strategy="AUTO" and at the same time
specifying a @SequenceGenerator. In such a case, your custom
sequence settings are used in the case where the preferred strategy
of the underlying platform is SEQUENCE, such as for Oracle and
@ -467,11 +479,14 @@ backticks. Here is an example:
Doctrine will then quote this column name in all SQL statements
according to the used database platform.
**CAUTION** Identifier Quoting is not supported for join column
.. warning::
Identifier Quoting is not supported for join column
names or discriminator column names.
.. warning::
**CAUTION** Identifier Quoting is a feature that is mainly intended
Identifier Quoting is a feature that is mainly intended
to support legacy database schemas. The use of reserved words and
identifier quoting is generally discouraged. Identifier quoting
should not be used to enable the use non-standard-characters such

321
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@ -1,321 +0,0 @@
This chapter explains the basic mapping of objects and properties. Mapping of associations will be covered in the next chapter "Association Mapping".
## Mapping Drivers
Doctrine provides several different ways for specifying object-relational mapping metadata:
* Docblock Annotations
* XML
* YAML
This manual usually uses docblock annotations in all the examples that are spread throughout all chapters. There are dedicated chapters for XML and YAML mapping, respectively.
> **NOTE**
> If you're wondering which mapping driver gives the best performance, the answer is:
> None. Once the metadata of a class has been read from the source (annotations, xml or
> yaml) it is stored in an instance of the `Doctrine\ORM\Mapping\ClassMetadata` class
> and these instances are stored in the metadata cache. Therefore at the end of the day
> all drivers perform equally well. If you're not using a metadata cache (not
> recommended!) then the XML driver might have a slight edge in performance due to the
> powerful native XML support in PHP.
## Introduction to Docblock Annotations
You've probably used docblock annotations in some form already, most likely to provide documentation metadata for a tool like `PHPDocumentor` (@author, @link, ...). Docblock annotations are a tool to embed metadata inside the documentation section which can then be processed by some tool. Doctrine 2 generalizes the concept of docblock annotations so that they can be used for any kind of metadata and so that it is easy to define new docblock annotations. In order to allow more involved annotation values and to reduce the chances of clashes with other docblock annotations, the Doctrine 2 docblock annotations feature an alternative syntax that is heavily inspired by the Annotation syntax introduced in Java 5.
The implementation of these enhanced docblock annotations is located in the `Doctrine\Common\Annotations` namespace and therefore part of the Common package. Doctrine 2 docblock annotations support namespaces and nested annotations among other things. The Doctrine 2 ORM defines its own set of docblock annotations for supplying object-relational mapping metadata.
> **NOTE**
> If you're not comfortable with the concept of docblock annotations, don't worry, as
> mentioned earlier Doctrine 2 provides XML and YAML alternatives and you could easily
> implement your own favourite mechanism for defining ORM metadata.
## Persistent classes
In order to mark a class for object-relational persistence it needs to be designated as an entity. This can be done through the `@Entity` marker annotation.
<?php
/** @Entity */
class MyPersistentClass
{
//...
}
By default, the entity will be persisted to a table with the same name as the class name. In order to change that, you can use the `@Table` annotation as follows:
<?php
/**
* @Entity
* @Table(name="my_persistent_class")
*/
class MyPersistentClass
{
//...
}
Now instances of MyPersistentClass will be persisted into a table named `my_persistent_class`.
## Doctrine Mapping Types
A Doctrine Mapping Type defines the mapping between a PHP type and an SQL type. All Doctrine Mapping Types that ship with Doctrine are fully portable between different RDBMS. You can even write your own custom mapping types that might or might not be portable, which is explained later in this chapter.
For example, the Doctrine Mapping Type `string` defines the mapping from a PHP string to an SQL VARCHAR (or VARCHAR2 etc. depending on the RDBMS brand). Here is a quick overview of the built-in mapping types:
* `string`: Type that maps an SQL VARCHAR to a PHP string.
* `integer`: Type that maps an SQL INT to a PHP integer.
* `smallint`: Type that maps a database SMALLINT to a PHP integer.
* `bigint`: Type that maps a database BIGINT to a PHP string.
* `boolean`: Type that maps an SQL boolean to a PHP boolean.
* `decimal`: Type that maps an SQL DECIMAL to a PHP double.
* `date`: Type that maps an SQL DATETIME to a PHP DateTime object.
* `time`: Type that maps an SQL TIME to a PHP DateTime object.
* `datetime`: Type that maps an SQL DATETIME/TIMESTAMP to a PHP DateTime object.
* `text`: Type that maps an SQL CLOB to a PHP string.
* `object`: Type that maps a SQL CLOB to a PHP object using `serialize()` and `unserialize()`
* `array`: Type that maps a SQL CLOB to a PHP object using `serialize()` and `unserialize()`
* `float`: Type that maps a SQL Float (Double Precision) to a PHP double. *IMPORTANT*: Works only with locale settings that use decimal points as separator.
> **NOTE**
> Doctrine Mapping Types are NOT SQL types and NOT PHP types! They are mapping types
> between 2 types.
> **CAUTION**
> Mapping types are *case-sensitive*. For example, using a DateTime column will NOT match the datetime type
> that ships with Doctrine 2!
## Property Mapping
After a class has been marked as an entity it can specify mappings for its instance fields. Here we will only look at simple fields that hold scalar values like strings, numbers, etc. Associations to other objects are covered in the chapter "Association Mapping".
To mark a property for relational persistence the `@Column` docblock annotation is used. This annotation usually requires at least 1 attribute to be set, the `type`. The `type` attribute specifies the Doctrine Mapping Type to use for the field. If the type is not specified, 'string' is used as the default mapping type since it is the most flexible.
Example:
<?php
/** @Entity */
class MyPersistentClass
{
/** @Column(type="integer") */
private $id;
/** @Column(length=50) */
private $name; // type defaults to string
//...
}
In that example we mapped the field `id` to the column `id` using the mapping type `integer` and the field `name` is mapped to the column `name` with the default mapping type `string`. As you can see, by default the column names are assumed to be the same as the field names. To specify a different name for the column, you can use the `name` attribute of the Column annotation as follows:
<?php
/** @Column(name="db_name") */
private $name;
The Column annotation has some more attributes. Here is a complete list:
* `type`: (optional, defaults to 'string') The mapping type to use for the column.
* `name`: (optional, defaults to field name) The name of the column in the database.
* `length`: (optional, default 255) The length of the column in the database. (Applies only if a string-valued column is used).
* `unique`: (optional, default FALSE) Whether the column is a unique key.
* `nullable`: (optional, default FALSE) Whether the database column is nullable.
* `precision`: (optional, default 0) The precision for a decimal (exact numeric) column. (Applies only if a decimal column is used.)
* `scale`: (optional, default 0) The scale for a decimal (exact numeric) column. (Applies only if a decimal column is used.)
## Custom Mapping Types
Doctrine allows you to create new mapping types. This can come in handy when you're missing a specific mapping type
or when you want to replace the existing implementation of a mapping type.
In order to create a new mapping type you need to subclass `Doctrine\DBAL\Types\Type` and implement/override
the methods as you wish. Here is an example skeleton of such a custom type class:
<?php
namespace My\Project\Types;
use Doctrine\DBAL\Types\Type;
use Doctrine\DBAL\Platforms\AbstractPlatform;
/**
* My custom datatype.
*/
class MyType extends Type
{
const MYTYPE = 'mytype'; // modify to match your type name
public function getSqlDeclaration(array $fieldDeclaration, AbstractPlatform $platform)
{
// return the SQL used to create your column type. To create a portable column type, use the $platform.
}
public function convertToPHPValue($value, AbstractPlatform $platform)
{
// This is executed when the value is read from the database. Make your conversions here, optionally using the $platform.
}
public function convertToDatabaseValue($value, AbstractPlatform $platform)
{
// This is executed when the value is written to the database. Make your conversions here, optionally using the $platform.
}
public function getName()
{
return self::MYTYPE; // modify to match your constant name
}
}
Restrictions to keep in mind:
* If the value of the field is *NULL* the method `convertToDatabaseValue()` is not called.
* The `UnitOfWork` never passes values to the database convert method that did not change in the request.
When you have implemented the type you still need to let Doctrine know about it. This can be achieved
through the `Doctrine\DBAL\Configuration#setCustomTypes(array $types)` method.
> **NOTE**
> `Doctrine\ORM\Configuration` is a subclass of `Doctrine\DBAL\Configuration`, so the
> methods are available on your ORM Configuration instance as well.
Here is an example:
<?php
// in bootstrapping code
// ...
use Doctrine\DBAL\Types\Type;
// ...
// Register my type
Type::addType('mytype', 'My\Project\Types\MyType');
As can be seen above, when registering the custom types in the configuration you specify a unique name
for the mapping type and map that to the corresponding fully qualified class name. Now you can use your new type in your mapping like this:
<?php
class MyPersistentClass
{
/** @Column(type="mytype") */
private $field;
}
To have Schema-Tool convert the underlying database type of your new "mytype" directly into an instance of `MyType`
you have to additionally register this mapping with your database platform:
<?php
$conn = $em->getConnection();
$conn->getDatabasePlatform()->registerDoctrineTypeMapping('db_mytype', 'mytype');
Now using Schema-Tool, whenever it detects a column having the `db_mytype` it will convert it into a `mytype`
Doctrine Type instance for Schema representation. Keep in mind that you can easily produce clashes this way,
each database type can only map to exactly one Doctrine mapping type.
## Identifiers / Primary Keys
Every entity class needs an identifier/primary key. You designate the field that serves as the identifier with the `@Id` marker annotation. Here is an example:
<?php
class MyPersistentClass
{
/** @Id @Column(type="integer") */
private $id;
//...
}
Without doing anything else, the identifier is assumed to be manually assigned. That means your code would need to properly set the identifier property before passing a new entity to `EntityManager#persist($entity)`.
A common alternative strategy is to use a generated value as the identifier. To do this, you use the `@GeneratedValue` annotation like this:
<?php
class MyPersistentClass
{
/**
* @Id @Column(type="integer")
* @GeneratedValue
*/
private $id;
}
This tells Doctrine to automatically generate a value for the identifier. How this value is generated is specified by the `strategy` attribute, which is optional and defaults to 'AUTO'. A value of `AUTO` tells Doctrine to use the generation strategy that is preferred by the currently used database platform. See below for details.
### Identifier Generation Strategies
The previous example showed how to use the default identifier generation strategy without knowing the underlying database with the AUTO-detection strategy.
It is also possible to specify the identifier generation strategy more explicitly, which allows to make use of some additional features.
Here is the list of possible generation strategies:
* `AUTO` (default): Tells Doctrine to pick the strategy that is preferred by the used database platform.
The preferred strategies are IDENTITY for MySQL, SQLite and MsSQL and SEQUENCE for Oracle and PostgreSQL.
This strategy provides full portability.
* `SEQUENCE`: Tells Doctrine to use a database sequence for ID generation. This strategy does currently not provide full portability. Sequences are supported by Oracle and PostgreSql.
* `IDENTITY`: Tells Doctrine to use special identity columns in the database that generate a value on insertion of a row. This strategy does currently not provide full portability and
is supported by the following platforms: MySQL/SQLite (AUTO_INCREMENT), MSSQL (IDENTITY) and PostgreSQL (SERIAL).
* `TABLE`: Tells Doctrine to use a separate table for ID generation. This strategy provides full portability. ***This strategy is not yet implemented!***
* `NONE`: Tells Doctrine that the identifiers are assigned (and thus generated) by your code.
The assignment must take place before a new entity is passed to `EntityManager#persist`.
NONE is the same as leaving off the @GeneratedValue entirely.
#### Sequence Generator
The Sequence Generator can currently be used in conjunction with Oracle or Postgres and allows some additional configuration options besides
specifying the sequence's name:
<?php
class User {
/**
* @Id
* @GeneratedValue(strategy="SEQUENCE")
* @SequenceGenerator(name="tablename_seq", initialValue=1, allocationSize=100)
*/
protected $id = null;
}
The initial value specifies at which value the sequence should start.
The allocationSize is a powerful feature to optimize INSERT performance of Doctrine. The allocationSize specifies
by how much values the sequence is incremented whenever the next value is retrieved. If this is larger than 1 (one)
Doctrine can generate identifier values for the allocationSizes amount of entities. In the above example with
`allocationSize=100` Doctrine 2 would only need to access the sequence once to generate the identifiers for
100 new entities.
*The default allocationSize for a @SequenceGenerator is currently 10.*
> **CAUTION**
> The allocationSize is detected by SchemaTool and transformed into an "INCREMENT BY <allocationSize>" clause
> in the CREATE SEQUENCE statement. For a database schema created manually (and not SchemaTool) you have to
> make sure that the allocationSize configuration option is never larger than the actual sequences INCREMENT BY value,
> otherwise you may get duplicate keys.
> **TIP**
> It is possible to use strategy="AUTO" and at the same time specifying a @SequenceGenerator.
> In such a case, your custom sequence settings are used in the case where the preferred
> strategy of the underlying platform is SEQUENCE, such as for Oracle and PostgreSQL.
### Composite Keys
Doctrine 2 allows to use composite primary keys. There are however some restrictions opposed to using a single identifier.
The use of the `@GeneratedValue` annotation is only supported for simple (not composite) primary keys, which means
you can only use composite keys if you generate the primary key values yourself before calling `EntityManager#persist()`
on the entity.
To designate a composite primary key / identifier, simply put the @Id marker annotation on all fields that make up the primary key.
## Quoting Reserved Words
It may sometimes be necessary to quote a column or table name because it conflicts with a reserved word of the particular RDBMS in use. This is often referred to as "Identifier Quoting". To let Doctrine know that you would like a table or column name to be quoted in all SQL statements, enclose the table or column name in backticks. Here is an example:
<?php
/** @Column(name="`number`", type="integer") */
private $number;
Doctrine will then quote this column name in all SQL statements according to the used database platform.
> **CAUTION**
> Identifier Quoting is not supported for join column names or discriminator column names.
> **CAUTION**
> Identifier Quoting is a feature that is mainly intended to support legacy database
> schemas. The use of reserved words and identifier quoting is generally discouraged.
> Identifier quoting should not be used to enable the use non-standard-characters such
> as a dash in a hypothetical column `test-name`. Also Schema-Tool will likely have
> troubles when quoting is used for case-sensitivity reasons (in Oracle for example).

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Batch Processing
================
This chapter shows you how to accomplish bulk inserts, updates and
deletes with Doctrine in an efficient way. The main problem with
bulk operations is usually not to run out of memory and this is
especially what the strategies presented here provide help with.
**CAUTION** An ORM tool is not primarily well-suited for mass
.. warning::
An ORM tool is not primarily well-suited for mass
inserts, updates or deletions. Every RDBMS has its own, most
effective way of dealing with such operations and if the options
outlined below are not sufficient for your purposes we recommend

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This chapter shows you how to accomplish bulk inserts, updates and deletes with Doctrine in an efficient way. The main problem with bulk operations is usually not to run out of memory and this is especially what the strategies presented here provide help with.
> **CAUTION**
> An ORM tool is not primarily well-suited for mass inserts, updates or deletions.
> Every RDBMS has its own, most effective way of dealing with such operations and if
> the options outlined below are not sufficient for your purposes we recommend you
> use the tools for your particular RDBMS for these bulk operations.
## Bulk Inserts
Bulk inserts in Doctrine are best performed in batches, taking advantage of the transactional write-behind behavior of an `EntityManager`. The following code shows an example for inserting 10000 objects with a batch size of 20. You may need to experiment with the batch size to find the size that works best for you. Larger batch sizes mean more prepared statement reuse internally but also mean more work during `flush`.
<?php
$batchSize = 20;
for ($i = 1; $i <= 10000; ++$i) {
$user = new CmsUser;
$user->setStatus('user');
$user->setUsername('user' . $i);
$user->setName('Mr.Smith-' . $i);
$em->persist($user);
if (($i % $batchSize) == 0) {
$em->flush();
$em->clear(); // Detaches all objects from Doctrine!
}
}
## Bulk Updates
There are 2 possibilities for bulk updates with Doctrine.
### DQL UPDATE
The by far most efficient way for bulk updates is to use a DQL UPDATE query. Example:
<?php
$q = $em->createQuery('update MyProject\Model\Manager m set m.salary = m.salary * 0.9');
$numUpdated = $q->execute();
### Iterating results
An alternative solution for bulk updates is to use the `Query#iterate()` facility to iterate over the query results step by step instead of loading the whole result into memory at once. The following example shows how to do this, combining the iteration with the batching strategy that was already used for bulk inserts:
<?php
$batchSize = 20;
$i = 0;
$q = $em->createQuery('select u from MyProject\Model\User u');
$iterableResult = $q->iterate();
foreach($iterableResult AS $row) {
$user = $row[0];
$user->increaseCredit();
$user->calculateNewBonuses();
if (($i % $batchSize) == 0) {
$em->flush(); // Executes all updates.
$em->clear(); // Detaches all objects from Doctrine!
}
++$i;
}
> **NOTE**
> Iterating results is not possible with queries that fetch-join a collection-valued
> association. The nature of such SQL result sets is not suitable for incremental
> hydration.
## Bulk Deletes
There are two possibilities for bulk deletes with Doctrine. You can either issue
a single DQL DELETE query or you can iterate over results removing them one at a time.
### DQL DELETE
The by far most efficient way for bulk deletes is to use a DQL DELETE query.
Example:
<?php
$q = $em->createQuery('delete from MyProject\Model\Manager m where m.salary > 100000');
$numDeleted = $q->execute();
### Iterating results
An alternative solution for bulk deletes is to use the `Query#iterate()` facility to iterate over the query results step by step instead of loading the whole result into memory at once. The following example shows how to do this:
<?php
$batchSize = 20;
$i = 0;
$q = $em->createQuery('select u from MyProject\Model\User u');
$iterableResult = $q->iterate();
while (($row = $iterableResult->next()) !== false) {
$em->remove($row[0]);
if (($i % $batchSize) == 0) {
$em->flush(); // Executes all deletions.
$em->clear(); // Detaches all objects from Doctrine!
}
++$i;
}
> **NOTE**
> Iterating results is not possible with queries that fetch-join a collection-valued
> association. The nature of such SQL result sets is not suitable for incremental
> hydration.
## Iterating Large Results for Data-Processing
You can use the `iterate()` method just to iterate over a large result and no UPDATE or DELETE
intention. The `IterableResult` instance returned from `$query->iterate()` implements the
Iterator interface so you can process a large result without memory problems using the
following approach:
<?php
$q = $this->_em->createQuery('select u from MyProject\Model\User u');
$iterableResult = $q->iterate();
foreach ($iterableResult AS $row) {
// do stuff with the data in the row, $row[0] is always the object
// detach from Doctrine, so that it can be Garbage-Collected immediately
$this->_em->detach($row[0]);
}
> **NOTE**
> Iterating results is not possible with queries that fetch-join a collection-valued
> association. The nature of such SQL result sets is not suitable for incremental
> hydration.

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**NOTE** The best practices mentioned here that affect database
design generally refer to best practices when working with Doctrine
and do not necessarily reflect best practices for database design
in general.
Best Practices
==============
The best practices mentioned here that affect database
design generally refer to best practices when working with Doctrine
and do not necessarily reflect best practices for database design
in general.
Don't use public properties on entities

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> **NOTE**
> The best practices mentioned here that affect database design generally refer to best
> practices when working with Doctrine and do not necessarily reflect best practices for
> database design in general.
## Don't use public properties on entities
It is very important that you don't map public properties on entities, but only protected or private ones.
The reason for this is simple, whenever you access a public property of a proxy object that hasn't been initialized
yet the return value will be null. Doctrine cannot hook into this process and magically make the entity lazy load.
This can create situations where it is very hard to debug the current failure. We therefore urge you to map only
private and protected properties on entities and use getter methods or magic __get() to access them.
## Constrain relationships as much as possible
It is important to constrain relationships as much as possible. This means:
* Impose a traversal direction (avoid bidirectional associations if possible)
* Eliminate nonessential associations
This has several benefits:
* Reduced coupling in your domain model
* Simpler code in your domain model (no need to maintain bidirectionality properly)
* Less work for Doctrine
## Avoid composite keys
Even though Doctrine fully supports composite keys it is best not to use them if possible. Composite keys require additional work by Doctrine and thus have a higher probability of errors.
## Use events judiciously
The event system of Doctrine is great and fast. Even though making heavy use of events, especially lifecycle events, can have a negative impact on the performance of your application. Thus you should use events judiciously.
## Use cascades judiciously
Automatic cascades of the persist/remove/merge/etc. operations are very handy but should be used wisely. Do NOT simply add all cascades to all associations. Think about which cascades actually do make sense for you for a particular association, given the scenarios it is most likely used in.
## Don't use special characters
Avoid using any non-ASCII characters in class, field, table or column names. Doctrine itself is not unicode-safe in many places and will not be until PHP itself is fully unicode-aware (PHP6).
## Don't use identifier quoting
Identifier quoting is a workaround for using reserved words that often causes problems in edge cases. Do not use identifier quoting and avoid using reserved words as table or column names.
## Initialize collections in the constructor
It is recommended best practice to initialize any business collections in entities in the constructor. Example:
<?php
namespace MyProject\Model;
use Doctrine\Common\Collections\ArrayCollection;
class User {
private $addresses;
private $articles;
public function __construct() {
$this->addresses = new ArrayCollection;
$this->articles = new ArrayCollection;
}
}
## Don't map foreign keys to fields in an entity
Foreign keys have no meaning whatsoever in an object model. Foreign keys are how a relational database establishes relationships. Your object model establishes relationships through object references. Thus mapping foreign keys to object fields heavily leaks details of the relational model into the object model, something you really should not do.
## Use explicit transaction demarcation
While Doctrine will automatically wrap all DML operations in a transaction on flush(), it is considered best practice to explicitly set the transaction boundaries yourself.
Otherwise every single query is wrapped in a small transaction (Yes, SELECT queries, too) since you can not talk to your database outside of a transaction.
While such short transactions for read-only (SELECT) queries generally don't have any noticeable performance impact, it is still preferable to use fewer, well-defined transactions
that are established through explicit transaction boundaries.

3
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Caching
=======
Doctrine provides cache drivers in the ``Common`` package for some
of the most popular caching implementations such as APC, Memcache
and Xcache. We also provide an ``ArrayCache`` driver which stores

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Doctrine provides cache drivers in the `Common` package for some of the most
popular caching implementations such as APC, Memcache and Xcache. We also provide
an `ArrayCache` driver which stores the data in a PHP array. Obviously, the cache
does not live between requests but this is useful for testing in a development
environment.
## Cache Drivers
The cache drivers follow a simple interface that is defined in `Doctrine\Common\Cache\Cache`.
All the cache drivers extend a base class `Doctrine\Common\Cache\AbstractCache`
which implements the before mentioned interface.
The interface defines the following methods for you to publicly use.
* fetch($id) - Fetches an entry from the cache.
* contains($id) - Test if an entry exists in the cache.
* save($id, $data, $lifeTime = false) - Puts data into the cache.
* delete($id) - Deletes a cache entry.
Each driver extends the `AbstractCache` class which defines a few abstract
protected methods that each of the drivers must implement.
* _doFetch($id)
* _doContains($id)
* _doSave($id, $data, $lifeTime = false)
* _doDelete($id)
The public methods `fetch()`, `contains()`, etc. utilize the above protected methods
that are implemented by the drivers. The code is organized this way so that the
protected methods in the drivers do the raw interaction with the cache implementation
and the `AbstractCache` can build custom functionality on top of these methods.
### APC
In order to use the APC cache driver you must have it compiled and enabled in
your php.ini. You can read about APC [here](http://us2.php.net/apc) on the PHP
website. It will give you a little background information about what it is and
how you can use it as well as how to install it.
Below is a simple example of how you could use the APC cache driver by itself.
<?php
$cacheDriver = new \Doctrine\Common\Cache\ApcCache();
$cacheDriver->save('cache_id', 'my_data');
### Memcache
In order to use the Memcache cache driver you must have it compiled and enabled in
your php.ini. You can read about Memcache [here](http://us2.php.net/memcache) on
the PHP website. It will give you a little background information about what it is
and how you can use it as well as how to install it.
Below is a simple example of how you could use the Memcache cache driver by itself.
<?php
$memcache = new Memcache();
$memcache->connect('memcache_host', 11211);
$cacheDriver = new \Doctrine\Common\Cache\MemcacheCache();
$cacheDriver->setMemcache()
$cacheDriver->save('cache_id', 'my_data');
### Xcache
In order to use the Xcache cache driver you must have it compiled and enabled in
your php.ini. You can read about Xcache [here](http://xcache.lighttpd.net/). It
will give you a little background information about what it is and how you can
use it as well as how to install it.
Below is a simple example of how you could use the Xcache cache driver by itself.
<?php
$cacheDriver = new \Doctrine\Common\Cache\XcacheCache();
$cacheDriver->save('cache_id', 'my_data');
## Using Cache Drivers
In this section we'll describe how you can fully utilize the API of the cache
drivers to save cache, check if some cache exists, fetch the cached data and
delete the cached data. We'll use the `ArrayCache` implementation as our
example here.
<?php
$cacheDriver = new \Doctrine\Common\Cache\ArrayCache();
### Saving
To save some data to the cache driver it is as simple as using the `save()` method.
<?php
$cacheDriver->save('cache_id', 'my_data');
The `save()` method accepts three arguments which are described below.
* `$id` - The cache id
* `$data` - The cache entry/data.
* `$lifeTime` - The lifetime. If != false, sets a specific lifetime for this cache entry (null => infinite lifeTime).
You can save any type of data whether it be a string, array, object, etc.
<?php
$array = array(
'key1' => 'value1',
'key2' => 'value2'
);
$cacheDriver->save('my_array', $array);
### Checking
Checking whether some cache exists is very simple, just use the `contains()` method.
It accepts a single argument which is the ID of the cache entry.
<?php
if ($cacheDriver->contains('cache_id')) {
echo 'cache exists';
} else {
echo 'cache does not exist';
}
### Fetching
Now if you want to retrieve some cache entry you can use the `fetch()` method. It
also accepts a single argument just like `contains()` which is the ID of the cache entry.
<?php
$array = $cacheDriver->fetch('my_array');
### Deleting
As you might guess, deleting is just as easy as saving, checking and fetching.
We have a few ways to delete cache entries. You can delete by an individual ID,
regular expression, prefix, suffix or you can delete all entries.
#### By Cache ID
<?php
$cacheDriver->delete('my_array');
You can also pass wild cards to the `delete()` method and it will return an array
of IDs that were matched and deleted.
<?php
$deleted = $cacheDriver->delete('users_*');
#### By Regular Expression
If you need a little more control than wild cards you can use a PHP regular
expression to delete cache entries.
<?php
$deleted = $cacheDriver->deleteByRegex('/users_.*/');
#### By Prefix
Because regular expressions are kind of slow, if simply deleting by a prefix or
suffix is sufficient, it is recommended that you do that instead of using a regular
expression because it will be much faster if you have many cache entries.
<?php
$deleted = $cacheDriver->deleteByPrefix('users_');
#### By Suffix
Just like we did above with the prefix you can do the same with a suffix.
<?php
$deleted = $cacheDriver->deleteBySuffix('_my_account');
#### All
If you simply want to delete all cache entries you can do so with the `deleteAll()`
method.
<?php
$deleted = $cacheDriver->deleteAll();
### Counting
If you want to count how many entries are stored in the cache driver instance
you can use the `count()` method.
<?php
echo $cacheDriver->count();
> **NOTE**
> In order to use `deleteByRegex()`, `deleteByPrefix()`, `deleteBySuffix()`,
> `deleteAll()`, `count()` or `getIds()` you must enable an option for the cache
> driver to manage your cache IDs internally. This is necessary because APC,
> Memcache, etc. don't have any advanced functionality for fetching and deleting.
> We add some functionality on top of the cache drivers to maintain an index of
> all the IDs stored in the cache driver so that we can allow more granular deleting
> operations.
>
> <?php
> $cacheDriver->setManageCacheIds(true);
### Namespaces
If you heavily use caching in your application and utilize it in multiple parts
of your application, or use it in different applications on the same server you
may have issues with cache naming collisions. This can be worked around by using
namespaces. You can set the namespace a cache driver should use by using the
`setNamespace()` method.
<?php
$cacheDriver->setNamespace('my_namespace_');
## Integrating with the ORM
The Doctrine ORM package is tightly integrated with the cache drivers to allow
you to improve performance of various aspects of Doctrine by just simply making
some additional configurations and method calls.
### Query Cache
It is highly recommended that in a production environment you cache the
transformation of a DQL query to its SQL counterpart. It doesn't make sense to
do this parsing multiple times as it doesn't change unless you alter the DQL
query.
This can be done by configuring the query cache implementation to use on your ORM
configuration.
<?php
$config = new \Doctrine\ORM\Configuration();
$config->setQueryCacheImpl(new \Doctrine\Common\Cache\ApcCache());
### Result Cache
The result cache can be used to cache the results of your queries so that we
don't have to query the database or hydrate the data again after the first time.
You just need to configure the result cache implementation.
<?php
$config->setResultCacheImpl(new \Doctrine\Common\Cache\ApcCache());
Now when you're executing DQL queries you can configure them to use the result cache.
<?php
$query = $em->createQuery('select u from \Entities\User u');
$query->useResultCache(true);
You can also configure an individual query to use a different result cache driver.
<?php
$query->setResultCacheDriver(new \Doctrine\Common\Cache\ApcCache());
> **NOTE**
> Setting the result cache driver on the query will automatically enable the
> result cache for the query. If you want to disable it pass false to
> `useResultCache()`.
>
> <?php
> $query->useResultCache(false);
If you want to set the time the cache has to live you can use the `setResultCacheLifetime()`
method.
<?php
$query->setResultCacheLifetime(3600);
The ID used to store the result set cache is a hash which is automatically generated
for you if you don't set a custom ID yourself with the `setResultCacheId()` method.
<?php
$query->setResultCacheId('my_custom_id');
You can also set the lifetime and cache ID by passing the values as the second
and third argument to `useResultCache()`.
<?php
$query->useResultCache(true, 3600, 'my_custom_id');
### Metadata Cache
Your class metadata can be parsed from a few different sources like YAML, XML,
Annotations, etc. Instead of parsing this information on each request we should
cache it using one of the cache drivers.
Just like the query and result cache we need to configure it first.
<?php
$config->setMetadataCacheImpl(new \Doctrine\Common\Cache\ApcCache());
Now the metadata information will only be parsed once and stored in the cache
driver.
## Clearing the Cache
We've already shown you previously how you can use the API of the cache drivers
to manually delete cache entries. For your convenience we offer a command line task
for you to help you with clearing the query, result and metadata cache.
From the Doctrine command line you can run the following command.
$ ./doctrine clear-cache
Running this task with no arguments will clear all the cache for all the configured
drivers. If you want to be more specific about what you clear you can use the
following options.
To clear the query cache use the `--query` option.
$ ./doctrine clear-cache --query
To clear the metadata cache use the `--metadata` option.
$ ./doctrine clear-cache --metadata
To clear the result cache use the `--result` option.
$ ./doctrine clear-cache --result
When you use the `--result` option you can use some other options to be more
specific about what queries result sets you want to clear.
Just like the API of the cache drivers you can clear based on an ID, regular
expression, prefix or suffix.
$ ./doctrine clear-cache --result --id=cache_id
Or if you want to clear based on a regular expressions.
$ ./doctrine clear-cache --result --regex=users_.*
Or with a prefix.
$ ./doctrine clear-cache --result --prefix=users_
And finally with a suffix.
$ ./doctrine clear-cache --result --suffix=_my_account
> **NOTE**
> Using the `--id`, `--regex`, etc. options with the `--query` and `--metadata`
> are not allowed as it is not necessary to be specific about what you clear.
> You only ever need to completely clear the cache to remove stale entries.
## Cache Slams
Something to be careful of when utilizing the cache drivers is cache slams. If
you have a heavily trafficked website with some code that checks for the existence
of a cache record and if it does not exist it generates the information and saves
it to the cache. Now if 100 requests were issued all at the same time and each one
sees the cache does not exist and they all try and insert the same cache entry
it could lock up APC, Xcache, etc. and cause problems. Ways exist to work around
this, like pre-populating your cache and not letting your users requests populate
the cache.
You can read more about cache slams [here](http://t3.dotgnu.info/blog/php/user-cache-timebomb).

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Change Tracking Policies
------------------------
========================
Change tracking is the process of determining what has changed in
managed entities since the last time they were synchronized with

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## Change Tracking Policies
Change tracking is the process of determining what has changed in managed
entities since the last time they were synchronized with the database.
Doctrine provides 3 different change tracking policies, each having its
particular advantages and disadvantages. The change tracking policy can
be defined on a per-class basis (or more precisely, per-hierarchy).
### Deferred Implicit
The deferred implicit policy is the default change tracking policy and the most
convenient one. With this policy, Doctrine detects the changes by a
property-by-property comparison at commit time and also detects changes
to entities or new entities that are referenced by other managed entities
("persistence by reachability"). Although the most convenient policy, it can
have negative effects on performance if you are dealing with large units of
work (see "Understanding the Unit of Work"). Since Doctrine can't know what
has changed, it needs to check all managed entities for changes every time you
invoke EntityManager#flush(), making this operation rather costly.
### Deferred Explicit
The deferred explicit policy is similar to the deferred implicit policy in that
it detects changes through a property-by-property comparison at commit time. The
difference is that only entities are considered that have been explicitly marked
for change detection through a call to EntityManager#persist(entity) or through
a save cascade. All other entities are skipped. This policy therefore gives
improved performance for larger units of work while sacrificing the behavior
of "automatic dirty checking".
Therefore, flush() operations are potentially cheaper with this policy. The
negative aspect this has is that if you have a rather large application and
you pass your objects through several layers for processing purposes and
business tasks you may need to track yourself which entities have changed
on the way so you can pass them to EntityManager#persist().
This policy can be configured as follows:
<?php
/**
* @Entity
* @ChangeTrackingPolicy("DEFERRED_EXPLICIT")
*/
class User
{
// ...
}
### Notify
This policy is based on the assumption that the entities notify interested
listeners of changes to their properties. For that purpose, a class that
wants to use this policy needs to implement the `NotifyPropertyChanged`
interface from the Doctrine\Common namespace. As a guideline, such an
implementation can look as follows:
<?php
use Doctrine\Common\NotifyPropertyChanged,
Doctrine\Common\PropertyChangedListener;
/**
* @Entity
* @ChangeTrackingPolicy("NOTIFY")
*/
class MyEntity implements NotifyPropertyChanged
{
// ...
private $_listeners = array();
public function addPropertyChangedListener(PropertyChangedListener $listener)
{
$this->_listeners[] = $listener;
}
}
Then, in each property setter of this class or derived classes, you need to
notify all the `PropertyChangedListener` instances. As an example we
add a convenience method on `MyEntity` that shows this behaviour:
<?php
// ...
class MyEntity implements NotifyPropertyChanged
{
// ...
protected function _onPropertyChanged($propName, $oldValue, $newValue)
{
if ($this->_listeners) {
foreach ($this->_listeners as $listener) {
$listener->propertyChanged($this, $propName, $oldValue, $newValue);
}
}
}
public function setData($data)
{
if ($data != $this->data) {
$this->_onPropertyChanged('data', $this->data, $data);
$this->data = $data;
}
}
}
You have to invoke `_onPropertyChanged` inside every method that changes the
persistent state of `MyEntity`.
The check whether the new value is different from the old one is not mandatory
but recommended. That way you also have full control over when you consider a
property changed.
The negative point of this policy is obvious: You need implement an interface
and write some plumbing code. But also note that we tried hard to keep this
notification functionality abstract. Strictly speaking, it has nothing to do
with the persistence layer and the Doctrine ORM or DBAL. You may find that
property notification events come in handy in many other scenarios as well.
As mentioned earlier, the `Doctrine\Common` namespace is not that evil and
consists solely of very small classes and interfaces that have almost no
external dependencies (none to the DBAL and none to the ORM) and that you
can easily take with you should you want to swap out the persistence layer.
This change tracking policy does not introduce a dependency on the Doctrine
DBAL/ORM or the persistence layer.
The positive point and main advantage of this policy is its effectiveness. It
has the best performance characteristics of the 3 policies with larger units of
work and a flush() operation is very cheap when nothing has changed.

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@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
Configuration
=============
Bootstrapping
-------------
@ -32,7 +35,9 @@ namespace and where there is a common root namespace.
The following example shows the setup of a ``ClassLoader`` for the
different types of Doctrine Installations:
**NOTE** This assumes you've created some kind of script to test
.. note::
This assumes you've created some kind of script to test
the following code in. Something like a ``test.php`` file.
@ -370,7 +375,8 @@ lazy-loading capabilities to them. Doctrine can then give you an
instance of such a proxy class whenever you request an object of
the class being proxied. This happens in two situations:
**Reference Proxies**
Reference Proxies
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The method ``EntityManager#getReference($entityName, $identifier)``
lets you obtain a reference to an entity for which the identifier
@ -395,7 +401,8 @@ for the Item class but your code does not need to care. In fact it
**should not care**. Proxy objects should be transparent to your
code.
**Association proxies**
Association proxies
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
The second most important situation where Doctrine uses proxy
objects is when querying for objects. Whenever you query for an
@ -405,7 +412,9 @@ query, Doctrine puts proxy objects in place where normally the
associated object would be. Just like other proxies it will
transparently initialize itself on first access.
**NOTE** Joining an association in a DQL or native query
.. note::
Joining an association in a DQL or native query
essentially means eager loading of that association in that query.
This will override the 'fetch' option specified in the mapping for
that association, but only for that query.

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## Bootstrapping
Bootstrapping Doctrine is a relatively simple procedure that roughly exists of
just 2 steps:
* Making sure Doctrine class files can be loaded on demand.
* Obtaining an EntityManager instance.
### Class loading
Lets start with the class loading setup. We need to set up some class loaders
(often called "autoloader") so that Doctrine class files are loaded on demand.
The Doctrine\Common namespace contains a very fast and minimalistic class loader
that can be used for Doctrine and any other libraries where the coding standards
ensure that a class's location in the directory tree is reflected by its name
and namespace and where there is a common root namespace.
> **NOTE**
> You are not forced to use the Doctrine class loader to load Doctrine
> classes. Doctrine does not care how the classes are loaded, if you want to use a
> different class loader or your own to load Doctrine classes, just do that.
> Along the same lines, the class loader in the Doctrine\Common namespace is not
> meant to be only used for Doctrine classes, too. It is a generic class loader that can
> be used for any classes that follow some basic naming standards as described above.
The following example shows the setup of a `ClassLoader` for the different types
of Doctrine Installations:
> **NOTE**
> This assumes you've created some kind of script to test the following code in.
> Something like a `test.php` file.
#### PEAR or Tarball Download
<?php
// test.php
require '/path/to/libraries/Doctrine/Common/ClassLoader.php';
$classLoader = new \Doctrine\Common\ClassLoader('Doctrine', '/path/to/libraries');
$classLoader->register(); // register on SPL autoload stack
#### Git
The Git bootstrap assumes that you have fetched the related packages through `git submodule update --init`
<?php
// test.php
$lib = '/path/to/doctrine2-orm/lib/';
require $lib . 'vendor/doctrine-common/lib/Doctrine/Common/ClassLoader.php';
$classLoader = new \Doctrine\Common\ClassLoader('Doctrine\Common', $lib . 'vendor/doctrine-common/lib');
$classLoader->register();
$classLoader = new \Doctrine\Common\ClassLoader('Doctrine\DBAL', $lib . 'vendor/doctrine-dbal/lib');
$classLoader->register();
$classLoader = new \Doctrine\Common\ClassLoader('Doctrine\ORM', $lib);
$classLoader->register();
#### Additional Symfony Components
If you don't use Doctrine2 in combination with Symfony2 you have to register an additional namespace to be able to use
the Doctrine-CLI Tool or the YAML Mapping driver:
<?php
// PEAR or Tarball setup
$classloader = new \Doctrine\Common\ClassLoader('Symfony', '/path/to/libraries/Doctrine');
$classloader->register();
// Git Setup
$classloader = new \Doctrine\Common\ClassLoader('Symfony', $lib . 'vendor/');
$classloader->register();
For best class loading performance it is recommended that you keep your include_path short, ideally it should only contain the path to the PEAR libraries, and any other class libraries should be registered with their full base path.
### Obtaining an EntityManager
Once you have prepared the class loading, you acquire an *EntityManager* instance.
The EntityManager class is the primary access point to ORM functionality provided by Doctrine.
A simple configuration of the EntityManager requires a `Doctrine\ORM\Configuration`
instance as well as some database connection parameters:
<?php
use Doctrine\ORM\EntityManager,
Doctrine\ORM\Configuration;
// ...
if ($applicationMode == "development") {
$cache = new \Doctrine\Common\Cache\ArrayCache;
} else {
$cache = new \Doctrine\Common\Cache\ApcCache;
}
$config = new Configuration;
$config->setMetadataCacheImpl($cache);
$driverImpl = $config->newDefaultAnnotationDriver('/path/to/lib/MyProject/Entities');
$config->setMetadataDriverImpl($driverImpl);
$config->setQueryCacheImpl($cache);
$config->setProxyDir('/path/to/myproject/lib/MyProject/Proxies');
$config->setProxyNamespace('MyProject\Proxies');
if ($applicationMode == "development") {
$config->setAutoGenerateProxyClasses(true);
} else {
$config->setAutoGenerateProxyClasses(false);
}
$connectionOptions = array(
'driver' => 'pdo_sqlite',
'path' => 'database.sqlite'
);
$em = EntityManager::create($connectionOptions, $config);
> **CAUTION**
> Do not use Doctrine without a metadata and query cache! Doctrine is highly
> optimized for working with caches. The main parts in Doctrine that are optimized
> for caching are the metadata mapping information with the metadata cache and the
> DQL to SQL conversions with the query cache. These 2 caches require only an absolute
> minimum of memory yet they heavily improve the runtime performance of Doctrine.
> The recommended cache driver to use with Doctrine is [APC](http://www.php.net/apc).
> APC provides you with an opcode-cache (which is highly recommended anyway) and
> a very fast in-memory cache storage that you can use for the metadata and query
> caches as seen in the previous code snippet.
## Configuration Options
The following sections describe all the configuration options available on a `Doctrine\ORM\Configuration` instance.
### Proxy Directory (***REQUIRED***)
<?php
$config->setProxyDir($dir);
$config->getProxyDir();
Gets or sets the directory where Doctrine generates any proxy classes. For a detailed explanation on proxy classes and how they are used in Doctrine, refer to the "Proxy Objects" section further down.
### Proxy Namespace (***REQUIRED***)
<?php
$config->setProxyNamespace($namespace);
$config->getProxyNamespace();
Gets or sets the namespace to use for generated proxy classes. For a detailed explanation on proxy classes and how they are used in Doctrine, refer to the "Proxy Objects" section further down.
### Metadata Driver (***REQUIRED***)
<?php
$config->setMetadataDriverImpl($driver);
$config->getMetadataDriverImpl();
Gets or sets the metadata driver implementation that is used by Doctrine to acquire the object-relational metadata for your classes.
There are currently 4 available implementations:
* `Doctrine\ORM\Mapping\Driver\AnnotationDriver`
* `Doctrine\ORM\Mapping\Driver\XmlDriver`
* `Doctrine\ORM\Mapping\Driver\YamlDriver`
* `Doctrine\ORM\Mapping\Driver\DriverChain`
Throughout the most part of this manual the AnnotationDriver is used in the examples. For information on the usage of the XmlDriver or YamlDriver please refer to the dedicated chapters `XML Mapping` and `YAML Mapping`.
The annotation driver can be configured with a factory method on the `Doctrine\ORM\Configuration`:
<?php
$driverImpl = $config->newDefaultAnnotationDriver('/path/to/lib/MyProject/Entities');
$config->setMetadataDriverImpl($driverImpl);
The path information to the entities is required for the annotation driver, because otherwise
mass-operations on all entities through the console could not work correctly. All of metadata
drivers accept either a single directory as a string or an array of directories. With this feature a
single driver can support multiple directories of Entities.
### Metadata Cache (***RECOMMENDED***)
<?php
$config->setMetadataCacheImpl($cache);
$config->getMetadataCacheImpl();
Gets or sets the cache implementation to use for caching metadata information, that is, all the information you supply via annotations, xml or yaml, so that they do not need to be parsed and loaded from scratch on every single request which is a waste of resources.
The cache implementation must implement the `Doctrine\Common\Cache\Cache` interface.
Usage of a metadata cache is highly recommended.
The recommended implementations for production are:
* `Doctrine\Common\Cache\ApcCache`
* `Doctrine\Common\Cache\MemcacheCache`
* `Doctrine\Common\Cache\XcacheCache`
For development you should use the `Doctrine\Common\Cache\ArrayCache` which only caches data on a per-request basis.
### Query Cache (***RECOMMENDED***)
<?php
$config->setQueryCacheImpl($cache);
$config->getQueryCacheImpl();
Gets or sets the cache implementation to use for caching DQL queries, that is, the result of a DQL parsing process that includes the final SQL as well as meta information about how to process the SQL result set of a query. Note that the query cache does not affect query results. You do not get stale data. This is a pure optimization cache without any negative side-effects (except some minimal memory usage in your cache).
Usage of a query cache is highly recommended.
The recommended implementations for production are:
* `Doctrine\Common\Cache\ApcCache`
* `Doctrine\Common\Cache\MemcacheCache`
* `Doctrine\Common\Cache\XcacheCache`
For development you should use the `Doctrine\Common\Cache\ArrayCache` which only caches data on a per-request basis.
### SQL Logger (***Optional***)
<?php
$config->setSQLLogger($logger);
$config->getSQLLogger();
Gets or sets the logger to use for logging all SQL statements executed by Doctrine. The logger class must implement the `Doctrine\DBAL\Logging\SqlLogger` interface. A simple default implementation that logs to the standard output using `echo` and `var_dump` can be found at `Doctrine\DBAL\Logging\EchoSqlLogger`.
### Auto-generating Proxy Classes (***OPTIONAL***)
<?php
$config->setAutoGenerateProxyClasses($bool);
$config->getAutoGenerateProxyClasses();
Gets or sets whether proxy classes should be generated automatically at runtime by Doctrine. If set to `FALSE`, proxy classes must be generated manually through the doctrine command line task `generate-proxies`. The strongly recommended value for a production environment is `FALSE`.
## Development vs Production Configuration
You should code your Doctrine2 bootstrapping with two different runtime models in mind. There are some serious
benefits of using APC or Memcache in production. In development however this will frequently give you fatal
errors, when you change your entities and the cache still keeps the outdated metadata. That is why we recommend
the `ArrayCache` for development.
Furthermore you should have the Auto-generating Proxy Classes option to true in development and to false
in production. If this option is set to `TRUE` it can seriously hurt your script performance if several proxy
classes are re-generated during script execution. Filesystem calls of that magnitude can even slower than all
the database queries Doctrine issues. Additionally writing a proxy sets an exclusive file lock which can cause
serious performance bottlenecks in systems with regular concurrent requests.
## Connection Options
The `$connectionOptions` passed as the first argument to `EntityManager::create()` has to be either an array
or an instance of `Doctrine\DBAL\Connection`. If an array is passed it is directly passed along to the
DBAL Factory `Doctrine\DBAL\DriverManager::getConnection()`. The DBAL configuration is explained
in the [DBAL section](./../../../../../dbal/2.0/docs/reference/configuration/en).
## Proxy Objects
A proxy object is an object that is put in place or used instead of the "real" object. A proxy object can add behavior to the object being proxied without that object being aware of it. In Doctrine 2, proxy objects are used to realize several features but mainly for transparent lazy-loading.
Proxy objects with their lazy-loading facilities help to keep the subset of objects that are already in memory connected to the rest of the objects. This is an essential property as without it there would always be fragile partial objects at the outer edges of your object graph.
Doctrine 2 implements a variant of the proxy pattern where it generates classes that extend your entity classes and adds lazy-loading capabilities to them. Doctrine can then give you an instance of such a proxy class whenever you request an object of the class being proxied. This happens in two situations:
**Reference Proxies**
The method `EntityManager#getReference($entityName, $identifier)` lets you obtain a reference to an entity for which the identifier is known, without loading that entity from the database. This is useful, for example, as a performance enhancement, when you want to establish an association to an entity for which you have the identifier. You could simply do this:
<?php
// $em instanceof EntityManager, $cart instanceof MyProject\Model\Cart
// $itemId comes from somewhere, probably a request parameter
$item = $em->getReference('MyProject\Model\Item', $itemId);
$cart->addItem($item);
Here, we added an Item to a Cart without loading the Item from the database. If you invoke any method on the Item instance, it would fully initialize its state transparently from the database. Here $item is actually an instance of the proxy class that was generated for the Item class but your code does not need to care. In fact it **should not care**. Proxy objects should be transparent to your code.
**Association proxies**
The second most important situation where Doctrine uses proxy objects is when querying for objects. Whenever you query for an object that has a single-valued association to another object that is configured LAZY, without joining that association in the same query, Doctrine puts proxy objects in place where normally the associated object would be.
Just like other proxies it will transparently initialize itself on first access.
> **NOTE**
> Joining an association in a DQL or native query essentially means eager loading of that
> association in that query. This will override the 'fetch' option specified in
> the mapping for that association, but only for that query.
### Generating Proxy classes
Proxy classes can either be generated manually through the Doctrine Console or automatically by Doctrine. The configuration option that controls this behavior is:
<?php
$config->setAutoGenerateProxyClasses($bool);
$config->getAutoGenerateProxyClasses();
The default value is `TRUE` for convenient development. However, this setting is not optimal for performance and therefore not recommended for a production environment.
To eliminate the overhead of proxy class generation during runtime, set this configuration option to `FALSE`. When you do this in a development environment, note that you may get class/file not found errors if certain proxy classes are not available or failing lazy-loads if new methods were added to the entity class that are not yet in the proxy class. In such a case, simply use the Doctrine Console to (re)generate the proxy classes like so:
$ ./doctrine orm:generate-proxies
## Multiple Metadata Sources
When using different components using Doctrine 2 you may end up with them using two different metadata drivers,
for example XML and YAML. You can use the DriverChain Metadata implementations to aggregate these drivers
based on namespaces:
<?php
$chain = new DriverChain();
$chain->addDriver($xmlDriver, 'Doctrine\Tests\Models\Company');
$chain->addDriver($yamlDriver, 'Doctrine\Tests\ORM\Mapping');
Based on the namespace of the entity the loading of entities is delegated to the appropriate driver. The chain
semantics come from the fact that the driver loops through all namespaces and matches the entity class name
against the namespace using a `strpos() === 0` call. This means you need to order the drivers correctly if
sub-namespaces use different metadata driver implementations.

47
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@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
DQL Explained
-------------
Doctrine Query Language
===========================
DQL stands for **D**octrine **Q**uery **L**anguage and is an Object
Query Language derivate that is very similar to the **H**ibernate
@ -433,9 +433,8 @@ starting with 0. However with INDEX BY you can specify any other
column to be the key of your result, it really only makes sense
with primary or unique fields though:
::
.. code-block:: sql
[sql]
SELECT u.id, u.status, upper(u.name) nameUpper FROM User u INDEX BY u.id
JOIN u.phonenumbers p INDEX BY p.phonenumber
@ -470,15 +469,17 @@ can also execute bulk updates on a set of entities using an
DQL-UPDATE query. The Syntax of an UPDATE query works as expected,
as the following example shows:
::
.. code-block:: sql
UPDATE MyProject\Model\User u SET u.password = 'new' WHERE u.id IN (1, 2, 3)
References to related entities are only possible in the WHERE
clause and using sub-selects.
**CAUTION** DQL UPDATE statements are ported directly into a
Database UPDATE statement and therefore bypass any locking scheme
.. warning::
DQL UPDATE statements are ported directly into a
Database UPDATE statement and therefore bypass any locking scheme, events
and do not increment the version column. Entities that are already
loaded into the persistence context will *NOT* be synced with the
updated database state. It is recommended to call
@ -492,14 +493,16 @@ DELETE queries
DELETE queries can also be specified using DQL and their syntax is
as simple as the UPDATE syntax:
::
.. code-block:: sql
DELETE MyProject\Model\User u WHERE u.id = 4
The same restrictions apply for the reference of related entities.
**CAUTION** DQL DELETE statements are ported directly into a
Database DELETE statement and therefore bypass any checks for the
.. warning::
DQL DELETE statements are ported directly into a
Database DELETE statement and therefore bypass any events and checks for the
version column if they are not explicitly added to the WHERE clause
of the query. Additionally Deletes of specifies entities are *NOT*
cascaded to related entities even if specified in the metadata.
@ -540,7 +543,7 @@ Arithmetic operators
You can do math in DQL using numeric values, for example:
::
.. warning::
SELECT person.salary * 1.5 FROM CompanyPerson person WHERE person.salary < 100000
@ -694,9 +697,8 @@ scenario it is a generic Person and Employee example:
First notice that the generated SQL to create the tables for these
entities looks like the following:
::
.. code-block:: sql
[sql]
CREATE TABLE Person (id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT NOT NULL, name VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL, discr VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL, department VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL)
Now when persist a new ``Employee`` instance it will set the
@ -714,18 +716,16 @@ discriminator value for us automatically:
Now lets run a simple query to retrieve the ``Employee`` we just
created:
::
.. code-block:: sql
[sql]
SELECT e FROM Entities\Employee e WHERE e.name = 'test'
If we check the generated SQL you will notice it has some special
conditions added to ensure that we will only get back ``Employee``
entities:
::
.. code-block:: sql
[sql]
SELECT p0_.id AS id0, p0_.name AS name1, p0_.department AS department2, p0_.discr AS discr3 FROM Person p0_ WHERE (p0_.name = ?) AND p0_.discr IN ('employee')
Class Table Inheritance
@ -761,9 +761,8 @@ table, you just need to change the inheritance type from
Now take a look at the SQL which is generated to create the table,
you'll notice some differences:
::
.. code-block:: sql
[sql]
CREATE TABLE Person (id INT AUTO_INCREMENT NOT NULL, name VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL, discr VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY(id)) ENGINE = InnoDB;
CREATE TABLE Employee (id INT NOT NULL, department VARCHAR(50) NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY(id)) ENGINE = InnoDB;
ALTER TABLE Employee ADD FOREIGN KEY (id) REFERENCES Person(id) ON DELETE CASCADE
@ -777,9 +776,8 @@ Now if were to insert the same ``Employee`` as we did in the
generate different SQL joining the ``Person`` information
automatically for you:
::
.. code-block:: sql
[sql]
SELECT p0_.id AS id0, p0_.name AS name1, e1_.department AS department2, p0_.discr AS discr3 FROM Employee e1_ INNER JOIN Person p0_ ON e1_.id = p0_.id WHERE p0_.name = ?
The Query class
@ -892,9 +890,8 @@ structure:
To better understand mixed results, consider the following DQL
query:
::
.. code-block:: sql
[sql]
SELECT u, UPPER(u.name) nameUpper FROM MyProject\Model\User u
This query makes use of the ``UPPER`` DQL function that returns a
@ -1186,7 +1183,9 @@ number of results:
- ``Query::setMaxResults($maxResults)``
- ``Query::setFirstResult($offset)``
**NOTE** If your query contains a fetch-joined collection
.. note::
If your query contains a fetch-joined collection
specifying the result limit methods are not working as you would
expect. Set Max Results restricts the number of database result
rows, however in the case of fetch-joined collections one root

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19
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@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
Events
======
Doctrine 2 features a lightweight event system that is part of the
Common package.
@ -139,10 +142,10 @@ the life-time of their registered entities.
- preRemove - The preRemove event occurs for a given entity before
the respective EntityManager remove operation for that entity is
executed.
executed. It is not called for a DQL DELETE statement.
- postRemove - The postRemove event occurs for an entity after the
entity has been deleted. It will be invoked after the database
delete operations.
delete operations. It is not called for a DQL DELETE statement.
- prePersist - The prePersist event occurs for a given entity
before the respective EntityManager persist operation for that
entity is executed.
@ -151,9 +154,9 @@ the life-time of their registered entities.
database insert operations. Generated primary key values are
available in the postPersist event.
- preUpdate - The preUpdate event occurs before the database
update operations to entity data.
update operations to entity data. It is not called for a DQL UPDATE statement.
- postUpdate - The postUpdate event occurs after the database
update operations to entity data.
update operations to entity data. It is not called for a DQL UPDATE statement.
- postLoad - The postLoad event occurs for an entity after the
entity has been loaded into the current EntityManager from the
database or after the refresh operation has been applied to it.
@ -164,7 +167,9 @@ the life-time of their registered entities.
managed entities are computed. This event is not a lifecycle
callback.
**CAUTION** Note that the postLoad event occurs for an entity
.. warning::
Note that the postLoad event occurs for an entity
before any associations have been initialized. Therefore it is not
safe to access associations in a postLoad callback or event
handler.
@ -191,7 +196,9 @@ listeners:
methods that receives some kind of ``EventArgs`` instance which
give access to the entity, EntityManager or other relevant data.
**NOTE** All Lifecycle events that happen during the ``flush()`` of
.. note::
All Lifecycle events that happen during the ``flush()`` of
an EntityManager have very specific constraints on the allowed
operations that can be executed. Please read the
*Implementing Event Listeners* section very carefully to understand

467
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@ -1,467 +0,0 @@
Doctrine 2 features a lightweight event system that is part of the Common package.
## The Event System
The event system is controlled by the `EventManager`. It is the central point
of Doctrine's event listener system. Listeners are registered on the manager
and events are dispatched through the manager.
<?php
$evm = new EventManager();
Now we can add some event listeners to the `$evm`. Let's create a `EventTest` class
to play around with.
<?php
class EventTest
{
const preFoo = 'preFoo';
const postFoo = 'postFoo';
private $_evm;
public $preFooInvoked = false;
public $postFooInvoked = false;
public function __construct($evm)
{
$evm->addEventListener(array(self::preFoo, self::postFoo), $this);
}
public function preFoo(EventArgs $e)
{
$this->preFooInvoked = true;
}
public function postFoo(EventArgs $e)
{
$this->postFooInvoked = true;
}
}
// Create a new instance
$test = new EventTest($evm);
Events can be dispatched by using the `dispatchEvent()` method.
<?php
$evm->dispatchEvent(EventTest::preFoo);
$evm->dispatchEvent(EventTest::postFoo);
You can easily remove a listener with the `removeEventListener()` method.
<?php
$evm->removeEventListener(array(self::preFoo, self::postFoo), $this);
The Doctrine 2 event system also has a simple concept of event subscribers. We
can define a simple `TestEventSubscriber` class which implements the
`\Doctrine\Common\EventSubscriber` interface and implements a `getSubscribedEvents()`
method which returns an array of events it should be subscribed to.
<?php
class TestEventSubscriber implements \Doctrine\Common\EventSubscriber
{
public $preFooInvoked = false;
public function preFoo()
{
$this->preFooInvoked = true;
}
public function getSubscribedEvents()
{
return array(TestEvent::preFoo);
}
}
$eventSubscriber = new TestEventSubscriber();
$evm->addEventSubscriber($eventSubscriber);
Now when you dispatch an event any event subscribers will be notified for that event.
<?php
$evm->dispatchEvent(TestEvent::preFoo);
Now you can test the `$eventSubscriber` instance to see if the `preFoo()` method was invoked.
<?php
if ($eventSubscriber->preFooInvoked) {
echo 'pre foo invoked!';
}
### Naming convention
Events being used with the Doctrine 2 EventManager are best named with camelcase and the value of the corresponding constant should be the name of the constant itself, even with spelling. This has several reasons:
* It is easy to read.
* Simplicity.
* Each method within an EventSubscriber is named after the corresponding constant. If constant name and constant value differ, you MUST use the new value and thus, your code might be subject to codechanges when the value changes. This contradicts the intention of a constant.
An example for a correct notation can be found in the example `EventTest` above.
## Lifecycle Events
The EntityManager and UnitOfWork trigger a bunch of events during the life-time of their registered entities.
* preRemove - The preRemove event occurs for a given entity before the respective EntityManager remove operation for that entity is executed.
* postRemove - The postRemove event occurs for an entity after the entity has been deleted. It will be invoked after the database delete operations.
* prePersist - The prePersist event occurs for a given entity before the respective EntityManager persist operation for that entity is executed.
* postPersist - The postPersist event occurs for an entity after the entity has been made persistent. It will be invoked after the database insert operations. Generated primary key values are available in the postPersist event.
* preUpdate - The preUpdate event occurs before the database update operations to entity data.
* postUpdate - The postUpdate event occurs after the database update operations to entity data.
* postLoad - The postLoad event occurs for an entity after the entity has been loaded into the current EntityManager from the database or after the refresh operation has been applied to it.
* loadClassMetadata - The loadClassMetadata event occurs after the mapping metadata for a class has been loaded from a mapping source (annotations/xml/yaml).
* onFlush - The onFlush event occurs after the change-sets of all managed entities are computed. This event is not a lifecycle callback.
> **CAUTION**
> Note that the postLoad event occurs for an entity before any associations have been
> initialized. Therefore it is not safe to access associations in a postLoad callback
> or event handler.
You can access the Event constants from the `Events` class in the ORM package.
<?php
use Doctrine\ORM\Events;
echo Events::preUpdate;
These can be hooked into by two different types of event listeners:
* Lifecycle Callbacks are methods on the entity classes that are called when the event is triggered. They receive absolutely no arguments and are specifically designed to allow changes inside the entity classes state.
* Lifecycle Event Listeners are classes with specific callback methods that receives some kind of `EventArgs` instance which give access to the entity, EntityManager or other relevant data.
> **NOTE**
> All Lifecycle events that happen during the `flush()` of an EntityManager have very specific constraints on the allowed
> operations that can be executed. Please read the *Implementing Event Listeners* section very carefully to understand
> which operations are allowed in which lifecycle event.
## Lifecycle Callbacks
A lifecycle event is a regular event with the additional feature of providing
a mechanism to register direct callbacks inside the corresponding entity classes
that are executed when the lifecycle event occurs.
<?php
/** @Entity @HasLifecycleCallbacks */
class User
{
// ...
/**
* @Column(type="string", length=255)
*/
public $value;
/** @Column(name="created_at", type="string", length=255) */
private $createdAt;
/** @PrePersist */
public function doStuffOnPrePersist()
{
$this->createdAt = date('Y-m-d H:m:s');
}
/** @PrePersist */
public function doOtherStuffOnPrePersist()
{
$this->value = 'changed from prePersist callback!';
}
/** @PostPersist */
public function doStuffOnPostPersist()
{
$this->value = 'changed from postPersist callback!';
}
/** @PostLoad */
public function doStuffOnPostLoad()
{
$this->value = 'changed from postLoad callback!';
}
/** @PreUpdate */
public function doStuffOnPreUpdate()
{
$this->value = 'changed from preUpdate callback!';
}
}
Note that when using annotations you have to apply the @HasLifecycleCallbacks marker annotation on the entity class.
If you want to register lifecycle callbacks from YAML or XML you can do it with
the following.
[yml]
User:
type: entity
fields:
# ...
name:
type: string(50)
lifecycleCallbacks:
doStuffOnPrePersist: prePersist
doStuffOnPostPersist: postPersist
XML would look something like this:
[xml]
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<doctrine-mapping xmlns="http://doctrine-project.org/schemas/orm/doctrine-mapping"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://doctrine-project.org/schemas/orm/doctrine-mapping
/Users/robo/dev/php/Doctrine/doctrine-mapping.xsd">
<entity name="User">
<lifecycle-callbacks>
<lifecycle-callback type="prePersist" method="doStuffOnPrePersist"/>
<lifecycle-callback type="postPersist" method="doStuffOnPostPersist"/>
</lifecycle-callbacks>
</entity>
</doctrine-mapping>
You just need to make sure a public `doStuffOnPrePersist()` and `doStuffOnPostPersist()` method is defined on your `User` model.
<?php
// ...
class User
{
// ...
public function doStuffOnPrePersist()
{
// ...
}
public function doStuffOnPostPersist()
{
// ...
}
}
The `key` of the lifecycleCallbacks is the name of the method and the value is
the event type. The allowed event types are the ones listed in the previous Lifecycle Events section.
## Listening to Lifecycle Events
Lifecycle event listeners are much more powerful than the simple lifecycle callbacks that are defined on the entity
classes. They allow to implement re-usable behaviors between different entity classes, yet require much more detailed
knowledge about the inner workings of the EntityManager and UnitOfWork. Please read the *Implementing Event Listeners*
section carefully if you are trying to write your own listener.
To register an event listener you have to hook it into the EventManager that is passed to the EntityManager factory:
<?php
$eventManager = new EventManager();
$eventManager->addEventListener(array(Events::preUpdate), MyEventListener());
$eventManager->addEventSubscriber(new MyEventSubscriber());
$entityManager = EntityManager::create($dbOpts, $config, $eventManager);
You can also retrieve the event manager instance after the EntityManager was created:
<?php
$entityManager->getEventManager()->addEventListener(array(Events::preUpdate), MyEventListener());
$entityManager->getEventManager()->addEventSubscriber(new MyEventSubscriber());
## Implementing Event Listeners
This section explains what is and what is not allowed during specific lifecycle events of the UnitOfWork.
Although you get passed the EntityManager in all of these events, you have to follow this restrictions very
carefully since operations in the wrong event may produce lots of different errors, such as inconsistent data and
lost updates/persists/removes.
For the described events that are also lifecycle callback events the restrictions
apply as well, with the additional restriction that you do not have access to the EntityManager
or UnitOfWork APIs inside these events.
### prePersist
There are two ways for the `prePersist` event to be triggered. One is obviously
when you call `EntityManager#persist()`. The event is also called for all
cascaded associations.
There is another way for `prePersist` to be called, inside the `flush()`
method when changes to associations are computed and this association
is marked as cascade persist. Any new entity found during this operation
is also persisted and `prePersist` called on it. This is called "persistence by reachability".
In both cases you get passed a `LifecycleEventArgs`
instance which has access to the entity and the entity manager.
The following restrictions apply to `prePersist`:
* If you are using a PrePersist Identity Generator such as sequences the ID value
will *NOT* be available within any PrePersist events.
* Doctrine will not recognize changes made to relations in a pre persist event
called by "reachability" through a cascade persist unless you use the internal
`UnitOfWork` API. We do not recommend such operations in the persistence by
reachability context, so do this at your own risk and possibly supported by unit-tests.
### preRemove
The `preRemove` event is called on every entity when its passed to
the `EntityManager#remove()` method. It is cascaded for all
associations that are marked as cascade delete.
There are no restrictions to what methods can be called inside
the `preRemove` event, except when the remove method itself was
called during a flush operation.
### onFlush
OnFlush is a very powerful event. It is called inside `EntityManager#flush()`
after the changes to all the managed entities and their associations have
been computed. This means, the `onFlush` event has access to the sets of:
* Entities scheduled for insert
* Entities scheduled for update
* Entities scheduled for removal
* Collections scheduled for update
* Collections scheduled for removal
To make use of the onFlush event you have to be familiar with the internal UnitOfWork API,
which grants you access to the previously mentioned sets. See this example:
<?php
class FlushExampleListener
{
public function onFlush(OnFlushEventArgs $eventArgs)
{
$em = $eventArgs->getEntityManager();
$uow = $em->getUnitOfWork();
foreach ($uow->getScheduledEntityInsertions() AS $entity) {
}
foreach ($uow->getScheduledEntityUpdates() AS $entity) {
}
foreach ($uow->getScheduledEntityDeletions() AS $entity) {
}
foreach ($uow->getScheduledCollectionDeletions() AS $col) {
}
foreach ($uow->getScheduledCollectionUpdates() AS $col) {
}
}
}
The following restrictions apply to the onFlush event:
* Calling `EntityManager#persist()` does not suffice to trigger a persist on an entity.
You have to execute an additional call to `$unitOfWork->computeChangeSet($classMetadata, $entity)`.
* Changing primitive fields or associations requires you to explicitly trigger
a re-computation of the changeset of the affected entity. This can be done
by either calling `$unitOfWork->computeChangeSet($classMetadata, $entity)`
or `$unitOfWork->recomputeSingleEntityChangeSet($classMetadata, $entity)`. The second
method has lower overhead, but only re-computes primitive fields, never associations.
### preUpdate
PreUpdate is the most restrictive to use event, since it is called right before
an update statement is called for an entity inside the `EntityManager#flush()`
method.
Changes to associations of the updated entity are never allowed in this event, since Doctrine cannot guarantee to
correctly handle referential integrity at this point of the flush operation. This
event has a powerful feature however, it is executed with a `PreUpdateEventArgs`
instance, which contains a reference to the computed change-set of this entity.
This means you have access to all the fields that have changed for this entity
with their old and new value. The following methods are available on the `PreUpdateEventArgs`:
* `getEntity()` to get access to the actual entity.
* `getEntityChangeSet()` to get a copy of the changeset array. Changes to this returned array do not affect updating.
* `hasChangedField($fieldName)` to check if the given field name of the current entity changed.
* `getOldValue($fieldName)` and `getNewValue($fieldName)` to access the values of a field.
* `setNewValue($fieldName, $value)` to change the value of a field to be updated.
A simple example for this event looks like:
<?php
class NeverAliceOnlyBobListener
{
public function preUpdate(PreUpdateEventArgs $eventArgs)
{
if ($eventArgs->getEntity() instanceof User) {
if ($eventArgs->hasChangedField('name') && $eventArgs->getNewValue('name') == 'Alice') {
$eventArgs->setNewValue('name', 'Bob');
}
}
}
}
You could also use this listener to implement validation of all the fields that have changed.
This is more efficient than using a lifecycle callback when there are expensive validations
to call:
<?php
class ValidCreditCardListener
{
public function preUpdate(PreUpdateEventArgs $eventArgs)
{
if ($eventArgs->getEntity() instanceof Account) {
if ($eventArgs->hasChangedField('creditCard')) {
$this->validateCreditCard($eventArgs->getNewValue('creditCard'));
}
}
}
private function validateCreditCard($no)
{
// throw an exception to interrupt flush event. Transaction will be rolled back.
}
}
Restrictions for this event:
* Changes to associations of the passed entities are not recognized by the flush operation anymore.
* Changes to fields of the passed entities are not recognized by the flush operation anymore, use the computed change-set passed to the event to modify primitive field values.
* Any calls to `EntityManager#persist()` or `EntityManager#remove()`, even in combination with the UnitOfWork API are strongly discouraged and don't work as expected outside the flush operation.
### postUpdate, postRemove, postPersist
The three post events are called inside `EntityManager#flush()`. Changes in here
are not relevant to the persistence in the database, but you can use this events
to
### postLoad
This event is called after an entity is constructed by the EntityManager.
## Load ClassMetadata Event
When the mapping information for an entity is read, it is populated in to a
`ClassMetadataInfo` instance. You can hook in to this process and manipulate
the instance.
<?php
$test = new EventTest();
$metadataFactory = $em->getMetadataFactory();
$evm = $em->getEventManager();
$evm->addEventListener(Events::loadClassMetadata, $test);
class EventTest
{
public function loadClassMetadata(\Doctrine\ORM\Event\LoadClassMetadataEventArgs $eventArgs)
{
$classMetadata = $eventArgs->getClassMetadata();
$fieldMapping = array(
'fieldName' => 'about',
'type' => 'string',
'length' => 255
);
$classMetadata->mapField($fieldMapping);
}
}

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@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
Improving Performance
=====================
Bytecode Cache
--------------
@ -5,7 +8,9 @@ It is highly recommended to make use of a bytecode cache like APC.
A bytecode cache removes the need for parsing PHP code on every
request and can greatly improve performance.
**NOTE** "If you care about performance and don't use a bytecode
.. note::
"If you care about performance and don't use a bytecode
cache then you don't really care about performance. Please get one
and start using it." (Stas Malyshev, Core Contributor to PHP and
Zend Employee).

25
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@ -1,25 +0,0 @@
## Bytecode Cache
It is highly recommended to make use of a bytecode cache like APC. A bytecode cache removes the need for parsing PHP code on every request and can greatly improve performance.
> **NOTE**
> "If you care about performance and don't use a bytecode cache then you don't really care
> about performance. Please get one and start using it." (Stas Malyshev, Core Contributor
> to PHP and Zend Employee).
## Metadata and Query caches
As already mentioned earlier in the chapter about configuring Doctrine, it is strongly discouraged to use Doctrine without a Metadata and Query cache (preferably with APC or Memcache as the cache driver). Operating Doctrine without these caches means Doctrine will need to load your mapping information on every single request and has to parse each DQL query on every single request. This is a waste of resources.
## Alternative Query Result Formats
Make effective use of the available alternative query result formats like nested array graphs or pure scalar results, especially in scenarios where data is loaded for read-only purposes.
## Apply Best Practices
A lot of the points mentioned in the Best Practices chapter will also positively affect the performance of Doctrine.

27
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@ -11,6 +11,33 @@ Contents:
.. toctree::
:maxdepth: 2
introduction
architecture
configuration
basic-mapping
association-mapping
inheritance-mapping
working-with-objects
working-with-associations
transactions-and-concurrency
events
batch-processing
dql-doctrine-query-language
query-builder
native-sql
change-tracking-policies
partial-objects
xml-mapping
yaml-mapping
annotations-reference
php-mapping
caching
improving-performance
tools
metadata-drivers
best-practices
limitations-and-Known-issues
Indices and tables
==================

12
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@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
Inheritance Mapping
===================
Mapped Superclasses
-------------------
@ -11,7 +14,7 @@ Mapped superclasses, just as regular, non-mapped classes, can
appear in the middle of an otherwise mapped inheritance hierarchy
(through Single Table Inheritance or Class Table Inheritance).
**NOTE**
.. note::
A mapped superclass cannot be an entity, it is not query-able and
persistent relationships defined by a mapped superclass must be
@ -54,9 +57,8 @@ Example:
The DDL for the corresponding database schema would look something
like this (this is for SQLite):
::
.. code-block:: sql
[sql]
CREATE TABLE EntitySubClass (mapped1 INTEGER NOT NULL, mapped2 TEXT NOT NULL, id INTEGER NOT NULL, name TEXT NOT NULL, related1_id INTEGER DEFAULT NULL, PRIMARY KEY(id))
As you can see from this DDL snippet, there is only a single table
@ -202,7 +204,9 @@ Things to note:
namespace as the entity class on which the discriminator map is
applied.
**NOTE** When you do not use the SchemaTool to generate the
.. note::
When you do not use the SchemaTool to generate the
required SQL you should know that deleting a class table
inheritance makes use of the foreign key property
``ON DELETE CASCADE`` in all database implementations. A failure to

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@ -1,159 +0,0 @@
## Mapped Superclasses
An mapped superclass is an abstract or concrete class that provides persistent entity state and mapping information
for its subclasses, but which is not itself an entity. Typically, the purpose of such a mapped superclass is to define
state and mapping information that is common to multiple entity classes.
Mapped superclasses, just as regular, non-mapped classes, can appear in the middle of an otherwise
mapped inheritance hierarchy (through Single Table Inheritance or Class Table Inheritance).
> **NOTE**
>
> A mapped superclass cannot be an entity, it is not query-able and persistent relationships defined by a mapped
> superclass must be unidirectional. For further support of inheritance, the single or joined table inheritance
> features have to be used.
Example:
<?php
/** @MappedSuperclass */
class MappedSuperclassBase
{
/** @Column(type="integer") */
private $mapped1;
/** @Column(type="string") */
private $mapped2;
/**
* @OneToOne(targetEntity="MappedSuperclassRelated1")
* @JoinColumn(name="related1_id", referencedColumnName="id")
*/
private $mappedRelated1;
// ... more fields and methods
}
/** @Entity */
class EntitySubClass extends MappedSuperclassBase
{
/** @Id @Column(type="integer") */
private $id;
/** @Column(type="string") */
private $name;
// ... more fields and methods
}
The DDL for the corresponding database schema would look something like this (this is for SQLite):
[sql]
CREATE TABLE EntitySubClass (mapped1 INTEGER NOT NULL, mapped2 TEXT NOT NULL, id INTEGER NOT NULL, name TEXT NOT NULL, related1_id INTEGER DEFAULT NULL, PRIMARY KEY(id))
As you can see from this DDL snippet, there is only a single table for the entity subclass. All the mappings from the mapped superclass were inherited to the subclass as if they had been defined on that class directly.
## Single Table Inheritance
[Single Table Inheritance](http://martinfowler.com/eaaCatalog/singleTableInheritance.html) is an inheritance mapping strategy where all classes of a hierarchy are mapped to a single database table. In order to distinguish which row represents which type in the hierarchy a so-called discriminator column is used.
Example:
<?php
namespace MyProject\Model;
/**
* @Entity
* @InheritanceType("SINGLE_TABLE")
* @DiscriminatorColumn(name="discr", type="string")
* @DiscriminatorMap({"person" = "Person", "employee" = "Employee"})
*/
class Person
{
// ...
}
/**
* @Entity
*/
class Employee extends Person
{
// ...
}
Things to note:
* The @InheritanceType, @DiscriminatorColumn and @DiscriminatorMap must be specified on the topmost class that is part of the mapped entity hierarchy.
* The @DiscriminatorMap specifies which values of the discriminator column identify a row as being of a certain type. In the case above a value of "person" identifies a row as being of type `Person` and "employee" identifies a row as being of type `Employee`.
* The names of the classes in the discriminator map do not need to be fully qualified if the classes are contained in the same namespace as the entity class on which the discriminator map is applied.
### Design-time considerations
This mapping approach works well when the type hierarchy is fairly simple and stable. Adding a new type to the hierarchy and adding fields to existing supertypes simply involves adding new columns to the table, though in large deployments this may have an adverse impact on the index and column layout inside the database.
### Performance impact
This strategy is very efficient for querying across all types in the hierarchy or for specific types. No table joins are required, only a WHERE clause listing the type identifiers. In particular, relationships involving types that employ this mapping strategy are very performant.
There is a general performance consideration with Single Table Inheritance: If you use a STI entity as a many-to-one or one-to-one entity you should never use one of the classes at the upper levels of the inheritance hierachy as "targetEntity", only those that have no subclasses. Otherwise Doctrine *CANNOT* create proxy instances of this entity and will *ALWAYS* load the entity eagerly.
### SQL Schema considerations
For Single-Table-Inheritance to work in scenarios where you are using either a legacy database schema or a
self-written database schema you have to make sure that all columns that are not in the root entity but in any
of the different sub-entities has to allows null values. Columns that have NOT NULL constraints have to be on the
root entity of the single-table inheritance hierarchy.
## Class Table Inheritance
[Class Table Inheritance](http://martinfowler.com/eaaCatalog/classTableInheritance.html) is an inheritance mapping strategy where each class in a hierarchy is mapped to several tables: its own table and the tables of all parent classes. The table of a child class is linked to the table of a parent class through a foreign key constraint.
Doctrine 2 implements this strategy through the use of a discriminator column in the topmost table of the hierarchy because this is the easiest way to achieve polymorphic queries with Class Table Inheritance.
Example:
<?php
namespace MyProject\Model;
/**
* @Entity
* @InheritanceType("JOINED")
* @DiscriminatorColumn(name="discr", type="string")
* @DiscriminatorMap({"person" = "Person", "employee" = "Employee"})
*/
class Person
{
// ...
}
/** @Entity */
class Employee extends Person
{
// ...
}
Things to note:
* The @InheritanceType, @DiscriminatorColumn and @DiscriminatorMap must be specified on the topmost class that is part of the mapped entity hierarchy.
* The @DiscriminatorMap specifies which values of the discriminator column identify a row as being of which type. In the case above a value of "person" identifies a row as being of type `Person` and "employee" identifies a row as being of type `Employee`.
* The names of the classes in the discriminator map do not need to be fully qualified if the classes are contained in the same namespace as the entity class on which the discriminator map is applied.
> **NOTE**
> When you do not use the SchemaTool to generate the required SQL you should know that deleting a class table inheritance
> makes use of the foreign key property `ON DELETE CASCADE` in all database implementations. A failure to implement this
> yourself will lead to dead rows in the database.
### Design-time considerations
Introducing a new type to the hierarchy, at any level, simply involves interjecting a new table into the schema. Subtypes of that type will automatically join with that new type at runtime. Similarly, modifying any entity type in the hierarchy by adding, modifying or removing fields affects only the immediate table mapped to that type. This mapping strategy provides the greatest flexibility at design time, since changes to any type are always limited to that type's dedicated table.
### Performance impact
This strategy inherently requires multiple JOIN operations to perform just about any query which can have a negative impact on performance, especially with large tables and/or large hierarchies. When partial objects are allowed, either globally or on the specific query, then querying for any type will not cause the tables of subtypes to be OUTER JOINed which can increase performance but the resulting partial objects will not fully load themselves on access of any subtype fields, so accessing fields of subtypes after such a query is not safe.
There is a general performance consideration with Class Table Inheritance: If you use a CTI entity as a many-to-one or one-to-one entity you should never use one of the classes at the upper levels of the inheritance hierachy as "targetEntity", only those that have no subclasses. Otherwise Doctrine *CANNOT* create proxy instances of this entity and will *ALWAYS* load the entity eagerly.
### SQL Schema considerations
For each entity in the Class-Table Inheritance hierarchy all the mapped fields have to be columns on the
table of this entity. Additionally each child table has to have an id column that matches the id column
definition on the root table (except for any sequence or auto-increment details). Furthermore each child table has
to have a foreign key pointing from the id column to the root table id column and cascading on delete.

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@ -1,309 +0,0 @@
## Welcome
Doctrine 2 is an object-relational mapper (ORM) for PHP 5.3.0+ that provides
transparent persistence for PHP objects. It sits on top of a powerful database
abstraction layer (DBAL). Object-Relational Mappers primary task is the transparent
translation between (PHP) objects and relational database rows.
One of Doctrines key features is the option to write database queries in a
proprietary object oriented SQL dialect called Doctrine
Query Language (DQL), inspired by Hibernates HQL. Besides DQLs slight
differences to SQL it abstracts the mapping between database rows and
objects considerably, allowing developers to write powerful queries
in a simple and flexible fashion.
## Disclaimer
This is the Doctrine 2 reference documentation. Introductory guides and tutorials
that you can follow along from start to finish, like the "Guide to Doctrine" book
known from the Doctrine 1.x series, will be available at a later date.
## Using an Object-Relational Mapper
As the term ORM already hints at, Doctrine 2 aims to simplify the translation
between database rows and the PHP object model. The primary use case for Doctrine
are therefore applications that utilize the Object-Oriented Programming Paradigm.
For applications that not primarily work with objects Doctrine 2 is not suited very well.
## Requirements
Doctrine 2 requires a minimum of PHP 5.3.0. For greatly improved performance it
is also recommended that you use APC with PHP.
## Doctrine 2 Packages
Doctrine 2 is divided into three main packages.
* Common
* DBAL (includes Common)
* ORM (includes DBAL+Common)
This manual mainly covers the ORM package, sometimes touching parts of the
underlying DBAL and Common packages. The Doctrine code base is split in to these
packages for a few reasons and they are to...
* ...make things more maintainable and decoupled
* ...allow you to use the code in Doctrine Common without the ORM or DBAL
* ...allow you to use the DBAL without the ORM
### The Common Package
The Common package contains highly reusable components that have no dependencies
beyond the package itself (and PHP, of course). The root namespace of the
Common package is `Doctrine\Common`.
### The DBAL Package
The DBAL package contains an enhanced database abstraction layer on top of
PDO but is not strongly bound to PDO. The purpose of this layer is to provide a
single API that bridges most of the differences between the different RDBMS vendors.
The root namespace of the DBAL package is `Doctrine\DBAL`.
### The ORM Package
The ORM package contains the object-relational mapping toolkit that provides
transparent relational persistence for plain PHP objects. The root namespace of
the ORM package is `Doctrine\ORM`.
## Installing
Doctrine can be installed many different ways. We will describe all the different
ways and you can choose which one suits you best.
### PEAR
You can easily install any of the three Doctrine packages from the PEAR command
line installation utility.
To install just the `Common` package you can run the following command:
$ sudo pear install pear.doctrine-project.org/DoctrineCommon-<version>
If you want to use the Doctrine Database Abstraction Layer you can install it
with the following command.
$ sudo pear install pear.doctrine-project.org/DoctrineDBAL-<version>
Or, if you want to get the works and go for the ORM you can install it with the
following command.
$ sudo pear install pear.doctrine-project.org/DoctrineORM-<version>
> **NOTE**
> The `<version>` tag above represents the version you want to install. For example the
> current version at the time of writing this is `2.0.0BETA3` for the ORM, so you could
> install it like the following:
>
> $ sudo pear install pear.doctrine-project.org/DoctrineORM-2.0.0BETA3
When you have a package installed via PEAR you can require and load the
`ClassLoader` with the following code.
<?php
require 'Doctrine/Common/ClassLoader.php';
$classLoader = new \Doctrine\Common\ClassLoader();
The packages are installed in to your shared PEAR PHP code folder in a folder
named `Doctrine`. You also get a nice command line utility installed and made
available on your system. Now when you run the `doctrine` command you will
see what you can do with it.
$ doctrine
Doctrine Command Line Interface version 2.0.0BETA3-DEV
Usage:
[options] command [arguments]
Options:
--help -h Display this help message.
--quiet -q Do not output any message.
--verbose -v Increase verbosity of messages.
--version -V Display this program version.
--color -c Force ANSI color output.
--no-interaction -n Do not ask any interactive question.
Available commands:
help Displays help for a command (?)
list Lists commands
dbal
:import Import SQL file(s) directly to Database.
:run-sql Executes arbitrary SQL directly from the command line.
orm
:convert-d1-schema Converts Doctrine 1.X schema into a Doctrine 2.X schema.
:convert-mapping Convert mapping information between supported formats.
:ensure-production-settings Verify that Doctrine is properly configured for a production environment.
:generate-entities Generate entity classes and method stubs from your mapping information.
:generate-proxies Generates proxy classes for entity classes.
:generate-repositories Generate repository classes from your mapping information.
:run-dql Executes arbitrary DQL directly from the command line.
:validate-schema Validate that the mapping files.
orm:clear-cache
:metadata Clear all metadata cache of the various cache drivers.
:query Clear all query cache of the various cache drivers.
:result Clear result cache of the various cache drivers.
orm:schema-tool
:create Processes the schema and either create it directly on EntityManager Storage Connection or generate the SQL output.
:drop Processes the schema and either drop the database schema of EntityManager Storage Connection or generate the SQL output.
:update Processes the schema and either update the database schema of EntityManager Storage Connection or generate the SQL output.
### Package Download
You can also use Doctrine 2 by downloading the latest release package
from [the download page](http://www.doctrine-project.org/download).
See the configuration section on how to configure and bootstrap a downloaded
version of Doctrine.
### GitHub
Alternatively you can clone the latest version of Doctrine 2 via GitHub.com:
$ git clone git://github.com/doctrine/doctrine2.git doctrine
This downloads all the sources of the ORM package. You need to initialize the Github
submodules for the Common and DBAL package dependencies:
$ git submodule init
$ git submodule update
This updates your Git checkout to use the Doctrine\Common and Doctrine\DBAL package
versions that are recommended for the cloned Master version of Doctrine 2.
See the configuration chapter on how to configure a Github installation of Doctrine
with regards to autoloading.
> **NOTE**
>
> You should not combine the Doctrine-Common, Doctrine-DBAL and Doctrine-ORM master commits
> with each other in combination. The ORM may not work with the current Common or DBAL master versions.
> Instead the ORM ships with the Git Submodules that are required.
### Subversion
> **NOTE**
>
> Using the SVN Mirror is not recommended. It only allows access to the latest master commit
> and does not automatically fetch the submodules.
If you prefer subversion you can also checkout the code from GitHub.com through
the subversion protocol:
$ svn co http://svn.github.com/doctrine/doctrine2.git doctrine2
However this only allows you to check out the current master of Doctrine 2, without
the Common and DBAL dependencies. You have to grab them yourself, but might run
into version incompatibilities between the different master branches of Common, DBAL
and ORM.
## Sandbox Quickstart
> **NOTE**
> The sandbox is only available via the Doctrine2 Github Repository or soon as a separate download on the downloads
> page. You will find it in the $root/tools/sandbox folder.
The sandbox is a pre-configured environment for evaluating and playing
with Doctrine 2.
### Overview
After navigating to the sandbox directory, you should see the following structure:
sandbox/
Entities/
Address.php
User.php
xml/
Entities.Address.dcm.xml
Entities.User.dcm.xml
yaml/
Entities.Address.dcm.yml
Entities.User.dcm.yml
cli-config.php
doctrine
doctrine.php
index.php
Here is a short overview of the purpose of these folders and files:
* The `Entities` folder is where any model classes are created. Two example entities are already there.
* The `xml` folder is where any XML mapping files are created (if you want to use XML mapping). Two example mapping documents for the 2 example entities are already there.
* The `yaml` folder is where any YAML mapping files are created (if you want to use YAML mapping). Two example mapping documents for the 2 example entities are already there.
* The `cli-config.php` contains bootstrap code for a configuration that is used by the Console tool `doctrine` whenever you execute a task.
* `doctrine`/`doctrine.php` is a command-line tool.
* `index.php` is a basic classical bootstrap file of a php application that uses Doctrine 2.
### Mini-tutorial
1) From within the tools/sandbox folder, run the following command and you should
see the same output.
$ php doctrine orm:schema-tool:create
Creating database schema...
Database schema created successfully!
2) Take another look into the tools/sandbox folder. A SQLite database should
have been created with the name `database.sqlite`.
3) Open `index.php` and at the bottom edit it so it looks like the following:
<?php
//... bootstrap stuff
## PUT YOUR TEST CODE BELOW
$user = new \Entities\User;
$user->setName('Garfield');
$em->persist($user);
$em->flush();
echo "User saved!";
Open index.php in your browser or execute it on the command line. You should see
the output "User saved!".
4) Inspect the SQLite database. Again from within the tools/sandbox folder,
execute the following command:
$ php doctrine dbal:run-sql "select * from users"
You should get the following output:
array(1) {
[0]=>
array(2) {
["id"]=>
string(1) "1"
["name"]=>
string(8) "Garfield"
}
}
You just saved your first entity with a generated ID in an SQLite database.
5) Replace the contents of index.php with the following:
<?php
//... bootstrap stuff
## PUT YOUR TEST CODE BELOW
$q = $em->createQuery('select u from Entities\User u where u.name = ?1');
$q->setParameter(1, 'Garfield');
$garfield = $q->getSingleResult();
echo "Hello " . $garfield->getName() . "!";
You just created your first DQL query to retrieve the user with the name
'Garfield' from an SQLite database (Yes, there is an easier way to do it,
but we wanted to introduce you to DQL at this point. Can you **find** the easier way?).
> **TIP**
> When you create new model classes or alter existing ones you can recreate the database
> schema with the command `doctrine orm:schema-tool --drop` followed by
> `doctrine orm:schema-tool --create`.
6) Explore Doctrine 2!
See the following links if you want to start with more complex tutorials rather than reading the manual:
* Doctrine2 Cookbook: [Getting Started XML Edition](http://www.doctrine-project.org/projects/orm/2.0/docs/cookbook/getting-started-xml-edition/en)

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@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
Limitations and Known Issues
============================
We try to make using Doctrine2 a very pleasant experience.
Therefore we think it is very important to be honest about the
current limitations to our users. Much like every other piece of
@ -21,9 +24,8 @@ There are many use-cases where you would want to use an
Entity-Attribute-Value approach to modelling and define a
table-schema like the following:
::
.. code-block:: sql
[sql]
CREATE TABLE product (
id INTEGER,
name VARCHAR,
@ -41,9 +43,8 @@ This is currently *NOT* possible with Doctrine2. You have to define
a surrogate key on the ``product_attributes`` table and use a
unique-constraint for the ``product_id`` and ``attribute_name``.
::
.. code-block:: sql
[sql]
CREATE TABLE product_attributes (
attribute_id, INTEGER,
product_id INTEGER,
@ -109,9 +110,8 @@ Identifier" you might be interested in mapping the same table
structure as given above to an array. However this is not yet
possible either. See the following example:
::
.. code-block:: sql
[sql]
CREATE TABLE product (
id INTEGER,
name VARCHAR,

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@ -1,203 +0,0 @@
We try to make using Doctrine2 a very pleasant experience. Therefore we think it is very important
to be honest about the current limitations to our users.
Much like every other piece of software Doctrine2 is not perfect and far from feature complete.
This section should give you an overview of current limitations of Doctrine 2 as well as critical known issues that
you should know about.
## Current Limitations
There is a set of limitations that exist currently which might be solved in the future. Any of this
limitations now stated has at least one ticket in the Tracker and is discussed for future releases.
### Foreign Keys as Identifiers
There are many use-cases where you would want to use an Entity-Attribute-Value approach to modelling and
define a table-schema like the following:
[sql]
CREATE TABLE product (
id INTEGER,
name VARCHAR,
PRIMARY KEY(id)
);
CREATE TABLE product_attributes (
product_id INTEGER,
attribute_name VARCHAR,
attribute_value VARCHAR,
PRIMARY KEY (product_id, attribute_name)
);
This is currently *NOT* possible with Doctrine2. You have to define a surrogate key on the `product_attributes`
table and use a unique-constraint for the `product_id` and `attribute_name`.
[sql]
CREATE TABLE product_attributes (
attribute_id, INTEGER,
product_id INTEGER,
attribute_name VARCHAR,
attribute_value VARCHAR,
PRIMARY KEY (attribute_id),
UNIQUE (product_id, attribute_name)
);
Although we state that we support composite primary keys that does not currently include foreign keys as primary key
columns. To see the fundamental difference between the two different `product_attributes` tables you should see
how they translate into a Doctrine Mapping (Using Annotations):
<?php
/**
* Scenario 1: THIS IS NOT POSSIBLE CURRENTLY
* @Entity @Table(name="product_attributes")
*/
class ProductAttribute
{
/** @Id @ManyToOne(targetEntity="Product") */
private $product;
/** @Id @Column(type="string", name="attribute_name") */
private $name;
/** @Column(type="string", name="attribute_value") */
private $value;
}
/**
* Scenario 2: Using the surrogate key workaround
* @Entity
* @Table(name="product_attributes", uniqueConstraints={@UniqueConstraint(columns={"product_id", "attribute_name"})}))
*/
class ProductAttribute
{
/** @Id @Column(type="integer") @GeneratedValue */
private $id;
/** @ManyToOne(targetEntity="Product") */
private $product;
/** @Column(type="string", name="attribute_name") */
private $name;
/** @Column(type="string", name="attribute_value") */
private $value;
}
The following Jira Issue [contains the feature request to allow @ManyToOne and @OneToOne annotations
along the @Id annotation](http://www.doctrine-project.org/jira/browse/DDC-117).
### Mapping Arrays to a Join Table
Related to the previous limitation with "Foreign Keys as Identifier" you might be interested in mapping the same
table structure as given above to an array. However this is not yet possible either. See the following example:
[sql]
CREATE TABLE product (
id INTEGER,
name VARCHAR,
PRIMARY KEY(id)
);
CREATE TABLE product_attributes (
product_id INTEGER,
attribute_name VARCHAR,
attribute_value VARCHAR,
PRIMARY KEY (product_id, attribute_name)
);
This schema should be mapped to a Product Entity as follows:
class Product
{
private $id;
private $name;
private $attributes = array();
}
Where the `attribute_name` column contains the key and `attribute_value` contains the value
of each array element in `$attributes`.
The feature request for persistence of primitive value arrays [is described in the DDC-298 ticket](http://www.doctrine-project.org/jira/browse/DDC-298).
### Value Objects
There is currently no native support value objects in Doctrine other than for `DateTime` instances or if you
serialize the objects using `serialize()/deserialize()` which the DBAL Type "object" supports.
The feature request for full value-object support [is described in the DDC-93 ticket](http://www.doctrine-project.org/jira/browse/DDC-93).
### Applying Filter Rules to any Query
There are scenarios in many applications where you want to apply additional filter rules to each query implicitly. Examples include:
* In I18N Applications restrict results to a entities annotated with a specific locale
* For a large collection always only return objects in a specific date range/where condition applied.
* Soft-Delete
There is currently no way to achieve this consistently across both DQL and Repository/Persister generated queries, but
as this is a pretty important feature we plan to add support for it in the future.
### Custom Persisters
A Persister in Doctrine is an object that is responsible for the hydration and write operations of an entity against the database.
Currently there is no way to overwrite the persister implementation for a given entity, however there are several use-cases that
can benefit from custom persister implementations:
* [Add Upsert Support](http://www.doctrine-project.org/jira/browse/DDC-668)
* [Evaluate possible ways in which stored-procedures can be used](http://www.doctrine-project.org/jira/browse/DDC-445)
* The previous Filter Rules Feature Request
### Persist Keys of Collections
PHP Arrays are ordered hash-maps and so should be the `Doctrine\Common\Collections\Collection` interface. We plan
to evaluate a feature that optionally persists and hydrates the keys of a Collection instance.
[Ticket DDC-213](http://www.doctrine-project.org/jira/browse/DDC-213)
### Mapping many tables to one entity
It is not possible to map several equally looking tables onto one entity. For example if you have
a production and an archive table of a certain business concept then you cannot have both tables
map to the same entity.
### Behaviors
Doctrine 2 *will never* include a behavior system like Doctrine 1 in the core library. We don't think behaviors
add more value than they cost pain and debugging hell. Please see the many different blog posts we have written on this
topics:
* [Doctrine2 "Behaviors" in a Nutshell](http://www.doctrine-project.org/blog/doctrine2-behaviours-nutshell)
* [A re-usable Versionable behavior for Doctrine2](http://www.doctrine-project.org/blog/doctrine2-versionable)
* [Write your own ORM on top of Doctrine2](http://www.doctrine-project.org/blog/your-own-orm-doctrine2)
Doctrine 2 has enough hooks and extension points so that *you* can add whatever you want on top of it.
None of this will ever become core functionality of Doctrine2 however, you will have to rely on third party extensions
for magical behaviors.
### Nested Set
NestedSet was offered as a behavior in Doctrine 1 and will not be included in the core of Doctrine 2. However there
are already two extensions out there that offer support for Nested Set with Doctrine 2:
* [Doctrine2 Hierachical-Structural Behavior](http://github.com/guilhermeblanco/Doctrine2-Hierarchical-Structural-Behavior)
* [Doctrine2 NestedSet](http://github.com/blt04/doctrine2-nestedset)
## Known Issues
The Known Issues section describes critical/blocker bugs and other issues that are either complicated to fix,
not fixable due to backwards compatibility issues or where no simple fix exists (yet). We don't
plan to add every bug in the tracker there, just those issues that can potentially cause nightmares
or pain of any sort.
### Identifier Quoting and Legacy Databases
For compatibility reasons between all the supported vendors and edge case problems
Doctrine 2 does *NOT* do automatic identifier quoting. This can lead to problems when trying to get
legacy-databases to work with Doctrine 2.
* You can quote column-names as described in the [Basic-Mapping](basic-mapping) section.
* You cannot quote join column names.
* You cannot use non [a-zA-Z0-9_]+ characters, they will break several SQL statements.
Having problems with these kind of column names? Many databases support all CRUD operations on views that
semantically map to certain tables. You can create views for all your problematic tables and column names
to avoid the legacy quoting nightmare.

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Metadata Drivers
================
The heart of an object relational mapper is the mapping information
that glues everything together. It instructs the EntityManager how
it should behave when dealing with the different entities.

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The heart of an object relational mapper is the mapping information that glues
everything together. It instructs the EntityManager how it should behave when
dealing with the different entities.
## Core Metadata Drivers
Doctrine provides a few different ways for you to specify your metadata:
* **XML files** (XmlDriver)
* **Class DocBlock Annotations** (AnnotationDriver)
* **YAML files** (YamlDriver)
* **PHP Code in files or static functions** (PhpDriver)
Something important to note about the above drivers is they are all an intermediate
step to the same end result. The mapping information is populated to
`Doctrine\ORM\Mapping\ClassMetadata` instances. So in the end, Doctrine
only ever has to work with the API of the `ClassMetadata` class to get mapping
information for an entity.
> **TIP**
> The populated `ClassMetadata` instances are also cached so in a production
> environment the parsing and populating only ever happens once. You can configure
> the metadata cache implementation using the `setMetadataCacheImpl()` method on
> the `Doctrine\ORM\Configuration` class:
>
> <?php
> $em->getConfiguration()->setMetadataCacheImpl(new ApcCache());
If you want to use one of the included core metadata drivers you just need to
configure it. All the drivers are in the `Doctrine\ORM\Mapping\Driver` namespace:
<?php
$driver = new \Doctrine\ORM\Mapping\Driver\XmlDriver('/path/to/mapping/files');
$em->getConfiguration()->setMetadataDriverImpl($driver);
## Implementing Metadata Drivers
In addition to the included metadata drivers you can very easily implement
your own. All you need to do is define a class which implements the `Driver`
interface:
<?php
namespace Doctrine\ORM\Mapping\Driver;
use Doctrine\ORM\Mapping\ClassMetadataInfo;
interface Driver
{
/**
* Loads the metadata for the specified class into the provided container.
*
* @param string $className
* @param ClassMetadataInfo $metadata
*/
function loadMetadataForClass($className, ClassMetadataInfo $metadata);
/**
* Gets the names of all mapped classes known to this driver.
*
* @return array The names of all mapped classes known to this driver.
*/
function getAllClassNames();
/**
* Whether the class with the specified name should have its metadata loaded.
* This is only the case if it is either mapped as an Entity or a
* MappedSuperclass.
*
* @param string $className
* @return boolean
*/
function isTransient($className);
}
If you want to write a metadata driver to parse information from some file format
we've made your life a little easier by providing the `AbstractFileDriver`
implementation for you to extend from:
<?php
class MyMetadataDriver extends AbstractFileDriver
{
/**
* {@inheritdoc}
*/
protected $_fileExtension = '.dcm.ext';
/**
* {@inheritdoc}
*/
public function loadMetadataForClass($className, ClassMetadataInfo $metadata)
{
$data = $this->_loadMappingFile($file);
// populate ClassMetadataInfo instance from $data
}
/**
* {@inheritdoc}
*/
protected function _loadMappingFile($file)
{
// parse contents of $file and return php data structure
}
}
> **NOTE**
> When using the `AbstractFileDriver` it requires that you only have one entity
> defined per file and the file named after the class described inside where
> namespace separators are replaced by periods. So if you have an entity named
> `Entities\User` and you wanted to write a mapping file for your driver above
> you would need to name the file `Entities.User.dcm.ext` for it to be recognized.
Now you can use your `MyMetadataDriver` implementation by setting it with the
`setMetadataDriverImpl()` method:
<?php
$driver = new MyMetadataDriver('/path/to/mapping/files');
$em->getConfiguration()->setMetadataDriverImpl($driver);
## ClassMetadata
The last piece you need to know and understand about metadata in Doctrine 2 is
the API of the `ClassMetadata` classes. You need to be familiar with them in order
to implement your own drivers but more importantly to retrieve mapping information
for a certain entity when needed.
You have all the methods you need to manually specify the mapping information
instead of using some mapping file to populate it from. The base `ClassMetadataInfo`
class is responsible for only data storage and is not meant for runtime use. It
does not require that the class actually exists yet so it is useful for describing some
entity before it exists and using that information to generate for example the
entities themselves. The class `ClassMetadata` extends `ClassMetadataInfo` and
adds some functionality required for runtime usage and requires that the PHP
class is present and can be autoloaded.
You can read more about the API of the `ClassMetadata` classes in the PHP Mapping
chapter.
## Getting ClassMetadata Instances
If you want to get the `ClassMetadata` instance for an entity in your project
to programatically use some mapping information to generate some HTML or something
similar you can retrieve it through the `ClassMetadataFactory`:
<?php
$cmf = $em->getMetadataFactory();
$class = $cmf->getMetadataFor('MyEntityName');
Now you can learn about the entity and use the data stored in the `ClassMetadata`
instance to get all mapped fields for example and iterate over them:
<?php
foreach ($class->fieldMappings as $fieldMapping) {
echo $fieldMapping['fieldName'] . "\n";
}

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Native SQL
==========
A ``NativeQuery`` lets you execute native SQL, mapping the results
according to your specifications. Such a specification that
describes how an SQL result set is mapped to a Doctrine result is
@ -44,7 +47,9 @@ components:
root entities or joined entities must be present in the SQL query
and mapped accordingly using ``ResultSetMapping#addMetaResult``.
**TIP** It might not surprise you that Doctrine uses
.. note::
It might not surprise you that Doctrine uses
``ResultSetMapping``s internally when you create DQL queries. As
the query gets parsed and transformed to SQL, Doctrine fills a
``ResultSetMapping`` that describes how the results should be

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A `NativeQuery` lets you execute native SQL, mapping the results according to your specifications.
Such a specification that describes how an SQL result set is mapped to a Doctrine result is
represented by a `ResultSetMapping`. It describes how each column of the database result should
be mapped by Doctrine in terms of the object graph. This allows you to map arbitrary SQL code to objects, such as
highly vendor-optimized SQL or stored-procedures.
## The NativeQuery class
To create a `NativeQuery` you use the method `EntityManager#createNativeQuery($sql, $resultSetMapping)`. As you can see in the signature of this method, it expects 2 ingredients: The SQL you want to execute and the `ResultSetMapping` that describes how the results will be mapped.
Once you obtained an instance of a `NativeQuery`, you can bind parameters to it and finally execute it.
## The ResultSetMapping
Understanding the `ResultSetMapping` is the key to using a `NativeQuery`.
A Doctrine result can contain the following components:
* Entity results. These represent root result elements.
* Joined entity results. These represent joined entities in associations of root entity results.
* Field results. These represent a column in the result set that maps to a field of an entity. A field result always belongs to an entity result or joined entity result.
* Scalar results. These represent scalar values in the result set that will appear in each result row. Adding scalar results to a ResultSetMapping can also cause the overall result to become **mixed** (see DQL - Doctrine Query Language) if the same ResultSetMapping also contains entity results.
* Meta results. These represent columns that contain meta-information, such as foreign keys and discriminator columns.
When querying for objects (`getResult()`), all meta columns of root entities or joined entities must be present in the SQL query
and mapped accordingly using `ResultSetMapping#addMetaResult`.
> **TIP**
> It might not surprise you that Doctrine uses `ResultSetMapping`s internally when you
> create DQL queries. As the query gets parsed and transformed to SQL, Doctrine fills
> a `ResultSetMapping` that describes how the results should be processed by the hydration
> routines.
We will now look at each of the result types that can appear in a ResultSetMapping in detail.
### Entity results
An entity result describes an entity type that appears as a root element in the transformed result. You add an entity result through `ResultSetMapping#addEntityResult()`.
Let's take a look at the method signature in detail:
<?php
/**
* Adds an entity result to this ResultSetMapping.
*
* @param string $class The class name of the entity.
* @param string $alias The alias for the class. The alias must be unique among all entity
* results or joined entity results within this ResultSetMapping.
*/
public function addEntityResult($class, $alias)
The first parameter is the fully qualified name of the entity class. The second parameter is some arbitrary alias for this entity result that must be unique within a `ResultSetMapping`. You use this alias to attach field results to the entity result. It is very similar to an identification variable that you use in DQL to alias classes or relationships.
An entity result alone is not enough to form a valid `ResultSetMapping`. An entity result or joined entity result always needs a set of field results, which we will look at soon.
### Joined entity results
A joined entity result describes an entity type that appears as a joined relationship element in the transformed result, attached to a (root) entity result. You add a joined entity result through `ResultSetMapping#addJoinedEntityResult()`. Let's take a look at the method signature in detail:
<?php
/**
* Adds a joined entity result.
*
* @param string $class The class name of the joined entity.
* @param string $alias The unique alias to use for the joined entity.
* @param string $parentAlias The alias of the entity result that is the parent of this joined result.
* @param object $relation The association field that connects the parent entity result with the joined entity result.
*/
public function addJoinedEntityResult($class, $alias, $parentAlias, $relation)
The first parameter is the class name of the joined entity. The second parameter is an arbitrary alias for the joined entity that must be unique within the `ResultSetMapping`.
You use this alias to attach field results to the entity result. The third parameter is the alias of the entity result that is the parent type of the joined relationship. The fourth and last parameter is the name of the field on the parent entity result that should contain the joined entity result.
### Field results
A field result describes the mapping of a single column in an SQL result set to a field in an entity. As such, field results are inherently bound to entity results. You add a field result through `ResultSetMapping#addFieldResult()`. Again, let's examine the method signature in detail:
<?php
/**
* Adds a field result that is part of an entity result or joined entity result.
*
* @param string $alias The alias of the entity result or joined entity result.
* @param string $columnName The name of the column in the SQL result set.
* @param string $fieldName The name of the field on the (joined) entity.
*/
public function addFieldResult($alias, $columnName, $fieldName)
The first parameter is the alias of the entity result to which the field result will belong. The second parameter is the name of the column in the SQL result set. Note that this name is case sensitive, i.e. if you use a native query against Oracle it must be all uppercase. The third parameter is the name of the field on the entity result identified by `$alias` into which the value of the column should be set.
### Scalar results
A scalar result describes the mapping of a single column in an SQL result set to a scalar value in the Doctrine result. Scalar results are typically used for aggregate values but any column in the SQL result set can be mapped as a scalar value. To add a scalar result use `ResultSetMapping#addScalarResult()`. The method signature in detail:
<?php
/**
* Adds a scalar result mapping.
*
* @param string $columnName The name of the column in the SQL result set.
* @param string $alias The result alias with which the scalar result should be placed in the result structure.
*/
public function addScalarResult($columnName, $alias)
The first parameter is the name of the column in the SQL result set and the second parameter is the result alias under which the value of the column will be placed in the transformed Doctrine result.
### Meta results
A meta result describes a single column in an SQL result set that is either a foreign key or a discriminator column.
These columns are essential for Doctrine to properly construct objects out of SQL result sets.
To add a column as a meta result use `ResultSetMapping#addMetaResult()`. The method signature in detail:
<?php
/**
* Adds a meta column (foreign key or discriminator column) to the result set.
*
* @param string $alias
* @param string $columnAlias
* @param string $columnName
*/
public function addMetaResult($alias, $columnAlias, $columnName)
The first parameter is the alias of the entity result to which the meta column belongs.
A meta result column (foreign key or discriminator column) always belongs to to an entity result.
The second parameter is the column alias/name of the column in the SQL result set and the third parameter is the
column name used in the mapping.
### Discriminator Column
When joining an inheritance tree you have to give Doctrine a hint which meta-column is the discriminator column
of this tree.
<?php
/**
* Sets a discriminator column for an entity result or joined entity result.
* The discriminator column will be used to determine the concrete class name to
* instantiate.
*
* @param string $alias The alias of the entity result or joined entity result the discriminator
* column should be used for.
* @param string $discrColumn The name of the discriminator column in the SQL result set.
* @todo Rename: addDiscriminatorColumn
*/
public function setDiscriminatorColumn($alias, $discrColumn)
### Examples
Understanding a ResultSetMapping is probably easiest through looking at some examples.
First a basic example that describes the mapping of a single entity.
<?php
// Equivalent DQL query: "select u from User u where u.name=?1"
// User owns no associations.
$rsm = new ResultSetMapping;
$rsm->addEntityResult('User', 'u');
$rsm->addFieldResult('u', 'id', 'id');
$rsm->addFieldResult('u', 'name', 'name');
$query = $this->_em->createNativeQuery('SELECT id, name FROM users WHERE name = ?', $rsm);
$query->setParameter(1, 'romanb');
$users = $query->getResult();
The result would look like this:
array(
[0] => User (Object)
)
Note that this would be a partial object if the entity has more fields than just id and name. In the example above the column and field names are identical but that is not necessary, of course. Also note that the query string passed to createNativeQuery is **real native SQL**. Doctrine does not touch this SQL in any way.
In the previous basic example, a User had no relations and the table the class is mapped to owns no foreign keys.
The next example assumes User has a unidirectional or bidirectional one-to-one association to a CmsAddress,
where the User is the owning side and thus owns the foreign key.
<?php
// Equivalent DQL query: "select u from User u where u.name=?1"
// User owns an association to an Address but the Address is not loaded in the query.
$rsm = new ResultSetMapping;
$rsm->addEntityResult('User', 'u');
$rsm->addFieldResult('u', 'id', 'id');
$rsm->addFieldResult('u', 'name', 'name');
$rsm->addMetaResult('u', 'address_id', 'address_id');
$query = $this->_em->createNativeQuery('SELECT id, name, address_id FROM users WHERE name = ?', $rsm);
$query->setParameter(1, 'romanb');
$users = $query->getResult();
Foreign keys are used by Doctrine for lazy-loading purposes when querying for objects.
In the previous example, each user object in the result will have a proxy (a "ghost") in place
of the address that contains the address_id. When the ghost proxy is accessed, it loads itself
based on this key.
Consequently, associations that are *fetch-joined* do not require the foreign keys to be present
in the SQL result set, only associations that are lazy.
<?php
// Equivalent DQL query: "select u from User u join u.address a WHERE u.name = ?1"
// User owns association to an Address and the Address is loaded in the query.
$rsm = new ResultSetMapping;
$rsm->addEntityResult('User', 'u');
$rsm->addFieldResult('u', 'id', 'id');
$rsm->addFieldResult('u', 'name', 'name');
$rsm->addJoinedEntityResult('Address' , 'a', 'u', 'address');
$rsm->addFieldResult('a', 'address_id', 'id');
$rsm->addFieldResult('a', 'street', 'street');
$rsm->addFieldResult('a', 'city', 'city');
$sql = 'SELECT u.id, u.name, a.id AS address_id, a.street, a.city FROM users u ' .
'INNER JOIN address a ON u.address_id = a.id WHERE u.name = ?';
$query = $this->_em->createNativeQuery($sql, $rsm);
$query->setParameter(1, 'romanb');
$users = $query->getResult();
In this case the nested entity `Address` is registered with the `ResultSetMapping#addJoinedEntityResult`
method, which notifies Doctrine that this entity is not hydrated at the root level, but as a joined entity
somewhere inside the object graph. In this case we specify the alias 'u' as third parameter and `address`
as fourth parameter, which means the `Address` is hydrated into the `User::$address` property.
If a fetched entity is part of a mapped hierarchy that requires a discriminator column, this
column must be present in the result set as a meta column so that Doctrine can create the
appropriate concrete type. This is shown in the following example where we assume that there
are one or more subclasses that extend User and either Class Table Inheritance or Single Table Inheritance
is used to map the hierarchy (both use a discriminator column).
<?php
// Equivalent DQL query: "select u from User u where u.name=?1"
// User is a mapped base class for other classes. User owns no associations.
$rsm = new ResultSetMapping;
$rsm->addEntityResult('User', 'u');
$rsm->addFieldResult('u', 'id', 'id');
$rsm->addFieldResult('u', 'name', 'name');
$rsm->addMetaResult('u', 'discr', 'discr'); // discriminator column
$rsm->setDiscriminatorColumn('u', 'discr');
$query = $this->_em->createNativeQuery('SELECT id, name, discr FROM users WHERE name = ?', $rsm);
$query->setParameter(1, 'romanb');
$users = $query->getResult();
Note that in the case of Class Table Inheritance, an example as above would result in partial objects
if any objects in the result are actually a subtype of User. When using DQL, Doctrine automatically
includes the necessary joins for this mapping strategy but with native SQL it is your responsibility.

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Partial Objects
===============
A partial object is an object whose state is not fully initialized
after being reconstituted from the database and that is
disconnected from the rest of its data. The following section will
describe why partial objects are problematic and what the approach
of Doctrine2 to this problem is.
**NOTE** The partial object problem in general does not apply to
.. note::
The partial object problem in general does not apply to
methods or queries where you do not retrieve the query result as
objects. Examples are: ``Query#getArrayResult()``,
``Query#getScalarResult()``, ``Query#getSingleScalarResult()``,

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A partial object is an object whose state is not fully initialized after being
reconstituted from the database and that is disconnected from the rest of its data.
The following section will describe why partial objects are problematic and what the approach of Doctrine2 to this problem is.
> **NOTE**
> The partial object problem in general does not apply to methods or
> queries where you do not retrieve the query result as objects. Examples are:
> `Query#getArrayResult()`, `Query#getScalarResult()`, `Query#getSingleScalarResult()`,
> etc.
## What is the problem?
In short, partial objects are problematic because they are usually objects with
broken invariants. As such, code that uses these partial objects tends to be
very fragile and either needs to "know" which fields or methods can be safely
accessed or add checks around every field access or method invocation. The same
holds true for the internals, i.e. the method implementations, of such objects.
You usually simply assume the state you need in the method is available, after
all you properly constructed this object before you pushed it into the database,
right? These blind assumptions can quickly lead to null reference errors when
working with such partial objects.
It gets worse with the scenario of an optional association (0..1 to 1). When
the associated field is NULL, you don't know whether this object does not have
an associated object or whether it was simply not loaded when the owning object
was loaded from the database.
These are reasons why many ORMs do not allow partial objects at all and instead
you always have to load an object with all its fields (associations being proxied).
One secure way to allow partial objects is if the programming language/platform
allows the ORM tool to hook deeply into the object and instrument it in such a
way that individual fields (not only associations) can be loaded lazily on first
access. This is possible in Java, for example, through bytecode instrumentation.
In PHP though this is not possible, so there is no way to have "secure" partial
objects in an ORM with transparent persistence.
Doctrine, by default, does not allow partial objects. That means, any query that
only selects partial object data and wants to retrieve the result as objects
(i.e. `Query#getResult()`) will raise an exception telling you that
partial objects are dangerous. If you want to force a query to return you partial
objects, possibly as a performance tweak, you can use the `partial` keyword as follows:
<?php
$q = $em->createQuery("select partial u.{id,name} from MyApp\Domain\User u");
## When should I force partial objects?
Mainly for optimization purposes, but be careful of premature optimization as partial objects
lead to potentially more fragile code.

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PHP Mapping
===========
Doctrine 2 also allows you to provide the ORM metadata in the form
of plain PHP code using the ``ClassMetadata`` API. You can write
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Doctrine 2 also allows you to provide the ORM metadata in the form of plain
PHP code using the `ClassMetadata` API. You can write the code in PHP files or
inside of a static function named `loadMetadata($class)` on the entity class itself.
## PHP Files
If you wish to write your mapping information inside PHP files that are named
after the entity and included to populate the metadata for an entity you can do
so by using the `PHPDriver`:
<?php
$driver = new PHPDriver('/path/to/php/mapping/files');
$em->getConfiguration()->setMetadataDriverImpl($driver);
Now imagine we had an entity named `Entities\User` and we wanted to write a mapping
file for it using the above configured `PHPDriver` instance:
<?php
namespace Entities;
class User
{
private $id;
private $username;
}
To write the mapping information you just need to create a file named
`Entities.User.php` inside of the `/path/to/php/mapping/files` folder:
<?php
// /path/to/php/mapping/files/Entities.User.php
$metadata->mapField(array(
'id' => true,
'fieldName' => 'id',
'type' => 'integer'
));
$metadata->mapField(array(
'fieldName' => 'username',
'type' => 'string'
));
Now we can easily retrieve the populated `ClassMetadata` instance where the `PHPDriver`
includes the file and the `ClassMetadataFactory` caches it for later retrieval:
<?php
$class = $em->getMetadataFor('Entities\User');
## Static Function
In addition to the PHP files you can also specify your mapping information inside
of a static function defined on the entity class itself. This is useful for cases
where you want to keep your entity and mapping information together but don't want
to use annotations. For this you just need to use the `StaticPHPDriver`:
<?php
$driver = new StaticPHPDriver('/path/to/entities');
$em->getConfiguration()->setMetadataDriverImpl($driver);
Now you just need to define a static function named `loadMetadata($metadata)` on your entity:
<?php
namespace Entities;
use Doctrine\ORM\Mapping\ClassMetadata;
class User
{
// ...
public static function loadMetadata(ClassMetadata $metadata)
{
$metadata->mapField(array(
'id' => true,
'fieldName' => 'id',
'type' => 'integer'
));
$metadata->mapField(array(
'fieldName' => 'username',
'type' => 'string'
));
}
}
## ClassMetadataInfo API
The `ClassMetadataInfo` class is the base data object for storing the mapping
metadata for a single entity. It contains all the getters and setters you need
populate and retrieve information for an entity.
### General Setters
* `setTableName($tableName)`
* `setPrimaryTable(array $primaryTableDefinition)`
* `setCustomRepositoryClass($repositoryClassName)`
* `setIdGeneratorType($generatorType)`
* `setIdGenerator($generator)`
* `setSequenceGeneratorDefinition(array $definition)`
* `setChangeTrackingPolicy($policy)`
* `setIdentifier(array $identifier)`
### Inheritance Setters
* `setInheritanceType($type)`
* `setSubclasses(array $subclasses)`
* `setParentClasses(array $classNames)`
* `setDiscriminatorColumn($columnDef)`
* `setDiscriminatorMap(array $map)`
### Field Mapping Setters
* `mapField(array $mapping)`
* `mapOneToOne(array $mapping)`
* `mapOneToMany(array $mapping)`
* `mapManyToOne(array $mapping)`
* `mapManyToMany(array $mapping)`
### Lifecycle Callback Setters
* `addLifecycleCallback($callback, $event)`
* `setLifecycleCallbacks(array $callbacks)`
### Versioning Setters
* `setVersionMapping(array &$mapping)`
* `setVersioned($bool)`
* `setVersionField()`
### General Getters
* `getTableName()`
* `getTemporaryIdTableName()`
### Identifier Getters
* `getIdentifierColumnNames()`
* `usesIdGenerator()`
* `isIdentifier($fieldName)`
* `isIdGeneratorIdentity()`
* `isIdGeneratorSequence()`
* `isIdGeneratorTable()`
* `isIdentifierNatural()`
* `getIdentifierFieldNames()`
* `getSingleIdentifierFieldName()`
* `getSingleIdentifierColumnName()`
### Inheritance Getters
* `isInheritanceTypeNone()`
* `isInheritanceTypeJoined()`
* `isInheritanceTypeSingleTable()`
* `isInheritanceTypeTablePerClass()`
* `isInheritedField($fieldName)`
* `isInheritedAssociation($fieldName)`
### Change Tracking Getters
* `isChangeTrackingDeferredExplicit()`
* `isChangeTrackingDeferredImplicit()`
* `isChangeTrackingNotify()`
### Field & Association Getters
* `isUniqueField($fieldName)`
* `isNullable($fieldName)`
* `getColumnName($fieldName)`
* `getFieldMapping($fieldName)`
* `getAssociationMapping($fieldName)`
* `getAssociationMappings()`
* `getFieldName($columnName)`
* `hasField($fieldName)`
* `getColumnNames(array $fieldNames = null)`
* `getTypeOfField($fieldName)`
* `getTypeOfColumn($columnName)`
* `hasAssociation($fieldName)`
* `isSingleValuedAssociation($fieldName)`
* `isCollectionValuedAssociation($fieldName)`
### Lifecycle Callback Getters
* `hasLifecycleCallbacks($lifecycleEvent)`
* `getLifecycleCallbacks($event)`
## ClassMetadata API
The `ClassMetadata` class extends `ClassMetadataInfo` and adds the runtime functionality
required by Doctrine. It adds a few extra methods related to runtime reflection
for working with the entities themselves.
* `getReflectionClass()`
* `getReflectionProperties()`
* `getReflectionProperty($name)`
* `getSingleIdReflectionProperty()`
* `getIdentifierValues($entity)`
* `setIdentifierValues($entity, $id)`
* `setFieldValue($entity, $field, $value)`
* `getFieldValue($entity, $field)`

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The QueryBuilder
----------------
================
A ``QueryBuilder`` provides an API that is designed for
conditionally constructing a DQL query in several steps.

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## The QueryBuilder
A `QueryBuilder` provides an API that is designed for conditionally constructing a DQL query in several steps.
It provides a set of classes and methods that is able to programmatically build queries, and also provides a fluent API.
This means that you can change between one methodology to the other as you want, and also pick one if you prefer.
### Constructing a new QueryBuilder object
The same way you build a normal Query, you build a `QueryBuilder` object, just providing the correct method name.
Here is an example how to build a `QueryBuilder` object:
<?php
// $em instanceof EntityManager
// example1: creating a QueryBuilder instance
$qb = $em->createQueryBuilder();
Once you have created an instance of QueryBuilder, it provides a set of useful informative functions that you can use.
One good example is to inspect what type of object the `QueryBuilder` is.
<?php
// $qb instanceof QueryBuilder
// example2: retrieving type of QueryBuilder
echo $qb->getType(); // Prints: 0
There're currently 3 possible return values for `getType()`:
* `QueryBuilder::SELECT`, which returns value 0
* `QueryBuilder::DELETE`, returning value 1
* `QueryBuilder::UPDATE`, which returns value 2
It is possible to retrieve the associated `EntityManager` of the current `QueryBuilder`, its DQL and also a `Query` object when you finish building your DQL.
<?php
// $qb instanceof QueryBuilder
// example3: retrieve the associated EntityManager
$em = $qb->getEntityManager();
// example4: retrieve the DQL string of what was defined in QueryBuilder
$dql = $qb->getDql();
// example5: retrieve the associated Query object with the processed DQL
$q = $qb->getQuery();
Internally, `QueryBuilder` works with a DQL cache to increase performance. Any changes that may affect the generated DQL actually modifies the state of `QueryBuilder` to a stage we call STATE_DIRTY.
One `QueryBuilder` can be in two different states:
* `QueryBuilder::STATE_CLEAN`, which means DQL haven't been altered since last retrieval or nothing were added since its instantiation
* `QueryBuilder::STATE_DIRTY`, means DQL query must (and will) be processed on next retrieval
### Working with QueryBuilder
All helper methods in `QueryBuilder` actually rely on a single one: `add()`.
This method is responsible of building every piece of DQL. It takes 3 parameters: `$dqlPartName`, `$dqlPart` and `$append` (default=false)
* `$dqlPartName`: Where the `$dqlPart` should be placed. Possible values: select, from, where, groupBy, having, orderBy
* `$dqlPart`: What should be placed in `$dqlPartName`. Accepts a string or any instance of `Doctrine\ORM\Query\Expr\*`
* `$append`: Optional flag (default=false) if the `$dqlPart` should override all previously defined items in `$dqlPartName` or not
-
<?php
// $qb instanceof QueryBuilder
// example6: how to define: "SELECT u FROM User u WHERE u.id = ? ORDER BY u.name ASC" using QueryBuilder string support
$qb->add('select', 'u')
->add('from', 'User u')
->add('where', 'u.id = ?1')
->add('orderBy', 'u.name ASC');
#### Binding parameters to your query
Doctrine supports dynamic binding of parameters to your query, similar to preparing queries. You can use both strings and numbers as placeholders, although both have a slightly different syntax. Additionally, you must make your choice: Mixing both styles is not allowed. Binding parameters can simply be achieved as follows:
<?php
// $qb instanceof QueryBuilder
// example6: how to define: "SELECT u FROM User u WHERE u.id = ? ORDER BY u.name ASC" using QueryBuilder string support
$qb->add('select', 'u')
->add('from', 'User u')
->add('where', 'u.id = ?1')
->add('orderBy', 'u.name ASC');
->setParameter(1, 100); // Sets ?1 to 100, and thus we will fetch a user with u.id = 100
You are not forced to enumerate your placeholders as the alternative syntax is available:
<?php
// $qb instanceof QueryBuilder
// example6: how to define: "SELECT u FROM User u WHERE u.id = ? ORDER BY u.name ASC" using QueryBuilder string support
$qb->add('select', 'u')
->add('from', 'User u')
->add('where', 'u.id = :identifier')
->add('orderBy', 'u.name ASC');
->setParameter('identifier', 100); // Sets :identifier to 100, and thus we will fetch a user with u.id = 100
Note that numeric placeholders start with a ? followed by a number while the named placeholders start with a : followed by a string.
If you've got several parameters to bind to your query, you can also use setParameters() instead of setParameter() with the following syntax:
<?php
// $qb instanceof QueryBuilder
// Query here...
$qb->setParameters(array(1 => 'value for ?1', 2 => 'value for ?2'));
Getting already bound parameters is easy - simply use the above mentioned syntax with "getParameter()" or "getParameters()":
<?php
// $qb instanceof QueryBuilder
// See example above
$params = qb->getParameters(array(1, 2));
// Equivalent to
$param = array($qb->getParameter(1), $qb->getParameter(2));
Note: If you try to get a parameter that was not bound yet, getParameter() simply returns NULL.
#### Expr\* classes
When you call `add()` with string, it internally evaluates to an instance of `Doctrine\ORM\Query\Expr\Expr\*` class.
Here is the same query of example 6 written using `Doctrine\ORM\Query\Expr\Expr\*` classes:
<?php
// $qb instanceof QueryBuilder
// example7: how to define: "SELECT u FROM User u WHERE u.id = ? ORDER BY u.name ASC" using QueryBuilder using Expr\* instances
$qb->add('select', new Expr\Select(array('u')))
->add('from', new Expr\From('User', 'u'))
->add('where', new Expr\Comparison('u.id', '=', '?1'))
->add('orderBy', new Expr\OrderBy('u.name', 'ASC'));
Of course this is the hardest way to build a DQL query in Doctrine. To simplify some of these efforts, we introduce what we call as `Expr` helper class.
#### The Expr class
To workaround most of the issues that `add()` method may cause, Doctrine created a class that can be considered as a helper for building queries.
This class is called `Expr`, which provides a set of useful static methods to help building queries:
<?php
// $qb instanceof QueryBuilder
// example8: QueryBuilder port of: "SELECT u FROM User u WHERE u.id = ? OR u.nickname LIKE ? ORDER BY u.surname DESC" using Expr class
$qb->add('select', $qb->expr()->select('u'))
->add('from', $qb->expr()->from('User', 'u'))
->add('where', $qb->expr()->orx(
$qb->expr()->eq('u.id', '?1'),
$qb->expr()->like('u.nickname', '?2')
))
->add('orderBy', $qb->expr()->orderBy('u.surname', 'ASC'));
Although it still sounds complex, the ability to programmatically create conditions are the main feature of `Expr`.
Here it is a complete list of supported helper methods available:
<?php
class Expr
{
/** Base objects **/
// Example usage - $qb->expr()->select('u')
public function select($select = null); // Returns Expr\Select instance
// Example - $qb->expr()->from('User', 'u')
public function from($from, $alias); // Returns Expr\From instance
// Example - $qb->expr()->leftJoin('u.Phonenumbers', 'p', Expr\Join::ON, 'p.user_id = u.id AND p.country_code = 55');
// Example - $qb->expr()->leftJoin('u. Phonenumbers', 'p', 'ON', $qb->expr()->andx($qb->expr()->eq('p.user_id', 'u.id'), $qb->expr()->eq('p.country_code', '55'));
public function leftJoin($join, $alias, $conditionType = null, $condition = null); // Returns Expr\Join instance
// Example - $qb->expr()->innerJoin('u.Group', 'g', Expr\Join::WITH, 'g.manager_level = 100');
// Example - $qb->expr()->innerJoin('u.Group', 'g', 'WITH', $qb->expr()->eq('g.manager_level', '100'));
public function innerJoin($join, $alias, $conditionType = null, $condition = null); // Returns Expr\Join instance
// Example - $qb->expr()->orderBy('u.surname', 'ASC')->add('u.firstname', 'ASC')->...
public function orderBy($sort = null, $order = null); // Returns Expr\OrderBy instance
// Example - $qb->expr()->groupBy()->add('u.id')->...
public function groupBy($groupBy = null); // Returns Expr\GroupBy instance
/** Conditional objects **/
// Example - $qb->expr()->andx($cond1 [, $condN])->add(...)->...
public function andx($x = null); // Returns Expr\Andx instance
// Example - $qb->expr()->orx($cond1 [, $condN])->add(...)->...
public function orx($x = null); // Returns Expr\Orx instance
/** Comparison objects **/
// Example - $qb->expr()->eq('u.id', '?1') => u.id = ?1
public function eq($x, $y); // Returns Expr\Comparison instance
// Example - $qb->expr()->neq('u.id', '?1') => u.id <> ?1
public function neq($x, $y); // Returns Expr\Comparison instance
// Example - $qb->expr()->lt('u.id', '?1') => u.id < ?1
public function lt($x, $y); // Returns Expr\Comparison instance
// Example - $qb->expr()->lte('u.id', '?1') => u.id <= ?1
public function lte($x, $y); // Returns Expr\Comparison instance
// Example - $qb->expr()->gt('u.id', '?1') => u.id > ?1
public function gt($x, $y); // Returns Expr\Comparison instance
// Example - $qb->expr()->gte('u.id', '?1') => u.id >= ?1
public function gte($x, $y); // Returns Expr\Comparison instance
/** Arithmetic objects **/
// Example - $qb->expr()->prod('u.id', '2') => u.id * 2
public function prod($x, $y); // Returns Expr\Math instance
// Example - $qb->expr()->diff('u.id', '2') => u.id - 2
public function diff($x, $y); // Returns Expr\Math instance
// Example - $qb->expr()->sum('u.id', '2') => u.id + 2
public function sum($x, $y); // Returns Expr\Math instance
// Example - $qb->expr()->quot('u.id', '2') => u.id / 2
public function quot($x, $y); // Returns Expr\Math instance
/** Pseudo-function objects **/
// Example - $qb->expr()->exists($qb2->getDql())
public function exists($subquery); // Returns Expr\Func instance
// Example - $qb->expr()->all($qb2->getDql())
public function all($subquery); // Returns Expr\Func instance
// Example - $qb->expr()->some($qb2->getDql())
public function some($subquery); // Returns Expr\Func instance
// Example - $qb->expr()->any($qb2->getDql())
public function any($subquery); // Returns Expr\Func instance
// Example - $qb->expr()->not($qb->expr()->eq('u.id', '?1'))
public function not($restriction); // Returns Expr\Func instance
// Example - $qb->expr()->in('u.id', array(1, 2, 3))
// Make sure that you do NOT use something similar to $qb->expr()->in('value', array('stringvalue')) as this will cause Doctrine to throw an Exception.
// Instead, use $qb->expr()->in('value', array('?1')) and bind your parameter to ?1 (see section above)
public function in($x, $y); // Returns Expr\Func instance
// Example - $qb->expr()->notIn('u.id', '2')
public function notIn($x, $y); // Returns Expr\Func instance
// Example - $qb->expr()->like('u.firstname', $qb->expr()->literal('Gui%'))
public function like($x, $y); // Returns Expr\Comparison instance
// Example - $qb->expr()->between('u.id', '1', '10')
public function between($val, $x, $y); // Returns Expr\Func
/** Function objects **/
// Example - $qb->expr()->trim('u.firstname')
public function trim($x); // Returns Expr\Func
// Example - $qb->expr()->concat('u.firstname', $qb->expr()->concat(' ', 'u.lastname'))
public function concat($x, $y); // Returns Expr\Func
// Example - $qb->expr()->substr('u.firstname', 0, 1)
public function substr($x, $from, $len); // Returns Expr\Func
// Example - $qb->expr()->lower('u.firstname')
public function lower($x); // Returns Expr\Func
// Example - $qb->expr()->upper('u.firstname')
public function upper($x); // Returns Expr\Func
// Example - $qb->expr()->length('u.firstname')
public function length($x); // Returns Expr\Func
// Example - $qb->expr()->avg('u.age')
public function avg($x); // Returns Expr\Func
// Example - $qb->expr()->max('u.age')
public function max($x); // Returns Expr\Func
// Example - $qb->expr()->min('u.age')
public function min($x); // Returns Expr\Func
// Example - $qb->expr()->abs('u.currentBalance')
public function abs($x); // Returns Expr\Func
// Example - $qb->expr()->sqrt('u.currentBalance')
public function sqrt($x); // Returns Expr\Func
// Example - $qb->expr()->count('u.firstname')
public function count($x); // Returns Expr\Func
// Example - $qb->expr()->countDistinct('u.surname')
public function countDistinct($x); // Returns Expr\Func
}
#### Helper methods
Until now we have described the lowest level (thought of as the hardcore method) of creating queries. It may be useful to work at this level for optimization purposes, but most of the time it is preferred to work at a higher level of abstraction.
To simplify even more the way you build a query in Doctrine, we can take advantage of what we call Helper methods. For all base code, there is a set of useful methods to simplify a programmer's life.
To illustrate how to work with them, here is the same example 6 re-written using `QueryBuilder` helper methods:
<?php
// $qb instanceof QueryBuilder
// example9: how to define: "SELECT u FROM User u WHERE u.id = ?1 ORDER BY u.name ASC" using QueryBuilder helper methods
$qb->select('u')
->from('User', 'u')
->where('u.id = ?1')
->orderBy('u.name ASC');
`QueryBuilder` helper methods are considered the standard way to build DQL queries. Although it is supported, it should be avoided to use string based queries and greatly encouraged to use `$qb->expr()->*` methods.
Here is a converted example 8 to suggested standard way to build queries:
<?php
// $qb instanceof QueryBuilder
// example8: QueryBuilder port of: "SELECT u FROM User u WHERE u.id = ?1 OR u.nickname LIKE ?2 ORDER BY u.surname DESC" using QueryBuilder helper methods
$qb->select(array('u')) // string 'u' is converted to array internally
->from('User', 'u')
->where($qb->expr()->orx(
$qb->expr()->eq('u.id', '?1'),
$qb->expr()->like('u.nickname', '?2')
))
->orderBy('u.surname', 'ASC'));
Here is a complete list of helper methods available in `QueryBuilder`:
<?php
class QueryBuilder
{
// Example - $qb->select('u')
// Example - $qb->select(array('u', 'p'))
// Example - $qb->select($qb->expr()->select('u', 'p'))
public function select($select = null);
// Example - $qb->delete('User', 'u')
public function delete($delete = null, $alias = null);
// Example - $qb->update('Group', 'g')
public function update($update = null, $alias = null);
// Example - $qb->set('u.firstName', $qb->expr()->literal('Arnold'))
// Example - $qb->set('u.numChilds', 'u.numChilds + ?1')
// Example - $qb->set('u.numChilds', $qb->expr()->sum('u.numChilds', '?1'))
public function set($key, $value);
// Example - $qb->from('Phonenumber', 'p')
public function from($from, $alias = null);
// Example - $qb->innerJoin('u.Group', 'g', Expr\Join::ON, $qb->expr()->and($qb->expr()->eq('u.group_id', 'g.id'), 'g.name = ?1'))
// Example - $qb->innerJoin('u.Group', 'g', 'ON', 'u.group_id = g.id AND g.name = ?1')
public function innerJoin($join, $alias = null, $conditionType = null, $condition = null);
// Example - $qb->leftJoin('u.Phonenumbers', 'p', Expr\Join::WITH, $qb->expr()->eq('p.area_code', 55))
// Example - $qb->leftJoin('u.Phonenumbers', 'p', 'WITH', 'p.area_code = 55')
public function leftJoin($join, $alias = null, $conditionType = null, $condition = null);
// NOTE: ->where() overrides all previously set conditions
//
// Example - $qb->where('u.firstName = ?1', $qb->expr()->eq('u.surname', '?2'))
// Example - $qb->where($qb->expr()->andx($qb->expr()->eq('u.firstName', '?1'), $qb->expr()->eq('u.surname', '?2')))
// Example - $qb->where('u.firstName = ?1 AND u.surname = ?2')
public function where($where);
// Example - $qb->andWhere($qb->expr()->orx($qb->expr()->lte('u.age', 40), 'u.numChild = 0'))
public function andWhere($where);
// Example - $qb->orWhere($qb->expr()->between('u.id', 1, 10));
public function orWhere($where);
// NOTE: -> groupBy() overrides all previously set grouping conditions
//
// Example - $qb->groupBy('u.id')
public function groupBy($groupBy);
// Example - $qb->addGroupBy('g.name')
public function addGroupBy($groupBy);
// NOTE: -> having() overrides all previously set having conditions
//
// Example - $qb->having('u.salary >= ?1')
// Example - $qb->having($qb->expr()->gte('u.salary', '?1'))
public function having($having);
// Example - $qb->andHaving($qb->expr()->gt($qb->expr()->count('u.numChild'), 0))
public function andHaving($having);
// Example - $qb->orHaving($qb->expr()->lte('g.managerLevel', '100'))
public function orHaving($having);
// NOTE: -> orderBy() overrides all previously set ordering conditions
//
// Example - $qb->orderBy('u.surname', 'DESC')
public function orderBy($sort, $order = null);
// Example - $qb->addOrderBy('u.firstName')
public function addOrderBy($sort, $order = null); // Default $order = 'ASC'
}

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@ -1,5 +1,8 @@
The Doctrine Console
--------------------
Tools
=====
Doctrine Console
----------------
The Doctrine Console is a Command Line Interface tool for
simplifying common tasks during the development of a project that
@ -170,7 +173,7 @@ The following Commands are currently available:
Database Schema Generation
--------------------------
**Note**
.. note::
SchemaTool can do harm to your database. It will drop or alter
tables, indexes, sequences and such. Please use this tool with
@ -274,7 +277,7 @@ will output the SQL for the ran operation.
Before using the orm:schema-tool commands, remember to configure
your cli-config.php properly.
**NOTE**
.. note::
When using the Annotation Mapping Driver you have to either setup
your autoloader in the cli-config.php correctly to find all the
@ -364,7 +367,9 @@ You can also reverse engineer a database using the
$ php doctrine orm:convert-mapping --from-database yml /path/to/mapping-path-converted-to-yml
**CAUTION** Reverse Engineering is not always working perfectly
.. warning::
Reverse Engineering is not always working perfectly
depending on special cases. It will only detect Many-To-One
relations (even if they are One-To-One) and will try to create
entities from Many-To-Many tables. It also has problems with naming

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@ -1,254 +0,0 @@
## The Doctrine Console
The Doctrine Console is a Command Line Interface tool for simplifying common tasks during the development of a project that uses Doctrine 2.
### Installation
If you installed Doctrine 2 through PEAR, the `doctrine` command line tool should already be available to you.
If you use Doctrine through SVN or a release package you need to copy the `doctrine` and `doctrine.php` files from the `tools/sandbox` or `bin` folder, respectively, to a location of your choice, for example a `tools` folder of your project.
You probably need to edit `doctrine.php` to adjust some paths to the new environment, most importantly the first line that includes the `Doctrine\Common\ClassLoader`.
### Getting Help
Type `doctrine` on the command line and you should see an overview of the available commands or use the --help flag to get information on the available commands. If you want to know more about the use of generate entities for example, you can call:
doctrine orm:generate-entities --help
### Configuration
Whenever the `doctrine` command line tool is invoked, it can access alls Commands that were registered by developer.
There is no auto-detection mechanism at work. The `bin\doctrine.php` file already registers all the commands that
currently ship with Doctrine DBAL and ORM. If you want to use additional commands you have to register them yourself.
All the commands of the Doctrine Console require either the `db` or the `em` helpers to be defined in order to work correctly. Doctrine Console requires the definition of a HelperSet that is the DI tool to be injected in the Console.
In case of a project that is dealing exclusively with DBAL, the ConnectionHelper is required:
<?php
$helperSet = new \Symfony\Components\Console\Helper\HelperSet(array(
'db' => new \Doctrine\DBAL\Tools\Console\Helper\ConnectionHelper($conn)
));
$cli->setHelperSet($helperSet);
When dealing with the ORM package, the EntityManagerHelper is required:
<?php
$helperSet = new \Symfony\Components\Console\Helper\HelperSet(array(
'em' => new \Doctrine\ORM\Tools\Console\Helper\EntityManagerHelper($em)
));
$cli->setHelperSet($helperSet);
The HelperSet instance has to be generated in a separate file (i.e. `cli-config.php`) that contains typical Doctrine
bootstrap code and predefines the needed HelperSet attributes mentioned above. A typical `cli-config.php` file looks as follows:
<?php
require_once __DIR__ . '/../../lib/Doctrine/Common/ClassLoader.php';
$classLoader = new \Doctrine\Common\ClassLoader('Entities', __DIR__);
$classLoader->register();
$classLoader = new \Doctrine\Common\ClassLoader('Proxies', __DIR__);
$classLoader->register();
$config = new \Doctrine\ORM\Configuration();
$config->setMetadataCacheImpl(new \Doctrine\Common\Cache\ArrayCache);
$config->setProxyDir(__DIR__ . '/Proxies');
$config->setProxyNamespace('Proxies');
$connectionOptions = array(
'driver' => 'pdo_sqlite',
'path' => 'database.sqlite'
);
$em = \Doctrine\ORM\EntityManager::create($connectionOptions, $config);
$helperSet = new \Symfony\Components\Console\Helper\HelperSet(array(
'db' => new \Doctrine\DBAL\Tools\Console\Helper\ConnectionHelper($em->getConnection()),
'em' => new \Doctrine\ORM\Tools\Console\Helper\EntityManagerHelper($em)
));
It is important to define a correct HelperSet that doctrine.php script will ultimately use. The Doctrine Binary
will automatically find the first instance of HelperSet in the global variable namespace and use this.
You can also add your own commands on-top of the Doctrine supported tools.
To include a new command on Doctrine Console, you need to do:
<?php
$cli->addCommand(new \MyProject\Tools\Console\Commands\MyCustomCommand());
Additionally, include multiple commands (and overriding previously defined ones) is possible through the command:
<?php
$cli->addCommands(array(
new \MyProject\Tools\Console\Commands\MyCustomCommand(),
new \MyProject\Tools\Console\Commands\SomethingCommand(),
new \MyProject\Tools\Console\Commands\AnotherCommand(),
new \MyProject\Tools\Console\Commands\OneMoreCommand(),
));
### Command Overview
The following Commands are currently available:
* `help` Displays help for a command (?)
* `list` Lists commands
* `dbal:import` Import SQL file(s) directly to Database.
* `dbal:run-sql` Executes arbitrary SQL directly from the command line.
* `orm:clear-cache:metadata` Clear all metadata cache of the various cache drivers.
* `orm:clear-cache:query` Clear all query cache of the various cache drivers.
* `orm:clear-cache:result` Clear result cache of the various cache drivers.
* `orm:convert-d1-schema` Converts Doctrine 1.X schema into a Doctrine 2.X schema.
* `orm:convert-mapping` Convert mapping information between supported formats.
* `orm:ensure-production-settings` Verify that Doctrine is properly configured for a production environment.
* `orm:generate-entities` Generate entity classes and method stubs from your mapping information.
* `orm:generate-proxies` Generates proxy classes for entity classes.
* `orm:generate-repositories` Generate repository classes from your mapping information.
* `orm:run-dql` Executes arbitrary DQL directly from the command line.
* `orm:schema-tool:create` Processes the schema and either create it directly on EntityManager Storage Connection or generate the SQL output.
* `orm:schema-tool:drop` Processes the schema and either drop the database schema of EntityManager Storage Connection or generate the SQL output.
* `orm:schema-tool:update` Processes the schema and either update the database schema of EntityManager Storage Connection or generate the SQL output.
## Database Schema Generation
> **Note**
>
> SchemaTool can do harm to your database. It will drop or alter tables, indexes, sequences and such. Please use
> this tool with caution in development and not on a production server. It is meant for helping you develop your
> Database Schema, but NOT with migrating schema from A to B in production. A safe approach would be generating
> the SQL on development server and saving it into SQL Migration files that are executed manually on the production
> server.
>
> SchemaTool assumes your Doctrine Project uses the given database on its own. Update and Drop commands will
> mess with other tables if they are not related to the current project that is using Doctrine. Please be careful!
To generate your database schema from your Doctrine mapping files you can use the
`SchemaTool` class or the `schema-tool` Console Command.
When using the SchemaTool class directly, create your schema using the `createSchema()` method. First create an instance of the `SchemaTool` and pass it an instance of the `EntityManager` that you want to use to create the schema. This method receives an array of `ClassMetadataInfo` instances.
<?php
$tool = new \Doctrine\ORM\Tools\SchemaTool($em);
$classes = array(
$em->getClassMetadata('Entities\User'),
$em->getClassMetadata('Entities\Profile')
);
$tool->createSchema($classes);
To drop the schema you can use the `dropSchema()` method.
<?php
$tool->dropSchema($classes);
This drops all the tables that are currently used by your metadata model.
When you are changing your metadata a lot during development you might want
to drop the complete database instead of only the tables of the current model
to clean up with orphaned tables.
<?php
$tool->dropSchema($classes, \Doctrine\ORM\Tools\SchemaTool::DROP_DATABASE);
You can also use database introspection to update your schema easily with the
`updateSchema()` method. It will compare your existing database schema to the
passed array of `ClassMetdataInfo` instances.
<?php
$tool->updateSchema($classes);
If you want to use this functionality from the command line you can use the
`schema-tool` command.
To create the schema use the `create` command:
$ php doctrine orm:schema-tool:create
To drop the schema use the `drop` command:
$ php doctrine orm:schema-tool:drop
If you want to drop and then recreate the schema then use both options:
$ php doctrine orm:schema-tool:drop
$ php doctrine orm:schema-tool:create
As you would think, if you want to update your schema use the `update` command:
$ php doctrine orm:schema-tool:update
All of the above commands also accept a `--dump-sql` option that will output the SQL
for the ran operation.
$ php doctrine orm:schema-tool:create --dump-sql
Before using the orm:schema-tool commands, remember to configure your cli-config.php properly.
> **NOTE**
>
> When using the Annotation Mapping Driver you have to either setup your autoloader in the cli-config.php
> correctly to find all the entities, or you can use the second argument of the `EntityManagerHelper` to
> specify all the paths of your entities (or mapping files), i.e.
> `new \Doctrine\ORM\Tools\Console\Helper\EntityManagerHelper($em, $mappingPaths);`
## Convert Mapping Information
To convert some mapping information between the various supported formats you can
use the `ClassMetadataExporter` to get exporter instances for the different formats:
<?php
$cme = new \Doctrine\ORM\Tools\Export\ClassMetadataExporter();
Once you have a instance you can use it to get an exporter. For example, the yml
exporter:
<?php
$exporter = $cme->getExporter('yml', '/path/to/export/yml');
Now you can export some `ClassMetadata` instances:
<?php
$classes = array(
$em->getClassMetadata('Entities\User'),
$em->getClassMetadata('Entities\Profile')
);
$exporter->setMetadata($classes);
$exporter->export();
This functionality is also available from the command line to convert your
loaded mapping information to another format. The `orm:convert-mapping` command
accepts two arguments, the type to convert to and the path to generate it:
$ php doctrine orm:convert-mapping xml /path/to/mapping-path-converted-to-xml
## Reverse Engineering
You can use the `DatabaseDriver` to reverse engineer a database to an array of
`ClassMetadataInfo` instances and generate YAML, XML, etc. from them.
First you need to retrieve the metadata instances with the `DatabaseDriver`:
<?php
$em->getConfiguration()->setMetadataDriverImpl(
new \Doctrine\ORM\Mapping\Driver\DatabaseDriver(
$em->getConnection()->getSchemaManager()
)
);
$cmf = new DisconnectedClassMetadataFactory($em);
$metadata = $cmf->getAllMetadata();
Now you can get an exporter instance and export the loaded metadata to yml:
<?php
$exporter = $cme->getExporter('yml', '/path/to/export/yml');
$exporter->setMetadata($metadata);
$exporter->export();
You can also reverse engineer a database using the `orm:convert-mapping` command:
$ php doctrine orm:convert-mapping --from-database yml /path/to/mapping-path-converted-to-yml
> **CAUTION**
> Reverse Engineering is not always working perfectly depending on special cases.
> It will only detect Many-To-One relations (even if they are One-To-One) and
> will try to create entities from Many-To-Many tables. It also has problems
> with naming of foreign keys that have multiple column names. Any Reverse Engineered
> Database-Schema needs considerable manual work to become a useful domain model.

3
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@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
Transactions and Concurrency
============================
Transaction Demarcation
-----------------------

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@ -1,249 +0,0 @@
## Transaction Demarcation
Transaction demarcation is the task of defining your transaction boundaries. Proper transaction demarcation is very
important because if not done properly it can negatively affect the performance of your application.
Many databases and database abstraction layers like PDO by default operate in auto-commit mode,
which means that every single SQL statement is wrapped in a small transaction. Without any explicit
transaction demarcation from your side, this quickly results in poor performance because transactions are not cheap.
For the most part, Doctrine 2 already takes care of proper transaction demarcation for you: All the write
operations (INSERT/UPDATE/DELETE) are queued until `EntityManager#flush()` is invoked which wraps all
of these changes in a single transaction.
However, Doctrine 2 also allows (and encourages) you to take over and control transaction demarcation yourself.
These are two ways to deal with transactions when using the Doctrine ORM and are now described in more detail.
### Approach 1: Implicitly
The first approach is to use the implicit transaction handling provided by the Doctrine ORM
EntityManager. Given the following code snippet, without any explicit transaction demarcation:
<?php
// $em instanceof EntityManager
$user = new User;
$user->setName('George');
$em->persist($user);
$em->flush();
Since we do not do any custom transaction demarcation in the above code, `EntityManager#flush()` will begin
and commit/rollback a transaction. This behavior is made possible by the aggregation of the DML operations
by the Doctrine ORM and is sufficient if all the data manipulation that is part of a unit of work happens
through the domain model and thus the ORM.
### Approach 2: Explicitly
The explicit alternative is to use the `Doctrine\DBAL\Connection` API
directly to control the transaction boundaries. The code then looks like this:
<?php
// $em instanceof EntityManager
$em->getConnection()->beginTransaction(); // suspend auto-commit
try {
//... do some work
$user = new User;
$user->setName('George');
$em->persist($user);
$em->flush();
$em->getConnection()->commit();
} catch (Exception $e) {
$em->getConnection()->rollback();
$em->close();
throw $e;
}
Explicit transaction demarcation is required when you want to include custom DBAL operations in a unit of work
or when you want to make use of some methods of the `EntityManager` API that require an active transaction.
Such methods will throw a `TransactionRequiredException` to inform you of that requirement.
A more convenient alternative for explicit transaction demarcation is the use of provided control
abstractions in the form of `Connection#transactional($func)` and `EntityManager#transactional($func)`.
When used, these control abstractions ensure that you never forget to rollback the transaction or
close the `EntityManager`, apart from the obvious code reduction. An example that is functionally
equivalent to the previously shown code looks as follows:
<?php
// $em instanceof EntityManager
$em->transactional(function($em) {
//... do some work
$user = new User;
$user->setName('George');
$em->persist($user);
});
The difference between `Connection#transactional($func)` and `EntityManager#transactional($func)` is
that the latter abstraction flushes the `EntityManager` prior to transaction commit and also closes
the `EntityManager` properly when an exception occurs (in addition to rolling back the transaction).
### Exception Handling
When using implicit transaction demarcation and an exception occurs during `EntityManager#flush()`, the transaction
is automatically rolled back and the `EntityManager` closed.
When using explicit transaction demarcation and an exception occurs, the transaction should be rolled back immediately
and the `EntityManager` closed by invoking `EntityManager#close()` and subsequently discarded, as demonstrated in
the example above. This can be handled elegantly by the control abstractions shown earlier.
Note that when catching `Exception` you should generally re-throw the exception. If you intend to
recover from some exceptions, catch them explicitly in earlier catch blocks (but do not forget to rollback the
transaction and close the `EntityManager` there as well). All other best practices of exception handling apply
similarly (i.e. either log or re-throw, not both, etc.).
As a result of this procedure, all previously managed or removed instances of the `EntityManager` become detached.
The state of the detached objects will be the state at the point at which the transaction was rolled back.
The state of the objects is in no way rolled back and thus the objects are now out of synch with the database.
The application can continue to use the detached objects, knowing that their state is potentially no longer
accurate.
If you intend to start another unit of work after an exception has occurred you should do that with a new `EntityManager`.
## Locking Support
Doctrine 2 offers support for Pessimistic- and Optimistic-locking strategies natively. This allows to take
very fine-grained control over what kind of locking is required for your Entities in your application.
### Optimistic Locking
Database transactions are fine for concurrency control during a single request. However, a database transaction
should not span across requests, the so-called "user think time". Therefore a long-running "business transaction"
that spans multiple requests needs to involve several database transactions. Thus, database transactions alone
can no longer control concurrency during such a long-running business transaction. Concurrency control becomes
the partial responsibility of the application itself.
Doctrine has integrated support for automatic optimistic locking via a version field. In this approach any entity
that should be protected against concurrent modifications during long-running business transactions gets a version
field that is either a simple number (mapping type: integer) or a timestamp (mapping type: datetime). When changes
to such an entity are persisted at the end of a long-running conversation the version of the entity is compared to
the version in the database and if they don't match, an `OptimisticLockException` is thrown, indicating that the
entity has been modified by someone else already.
You designate a version field in an entity as follows. In this example we'll use an integer.
<?php
class User
{
// ...
/** @Version @Column(type="integer") */
private $version;
// ...
}
Alternatively a datetime type can be used (which maps to an SQL timestamp or datetime):
<?php
class User
{
// ...
/** @Version @Column(type="datetime") */
private $version;
// ...
}
Version numbers (not timestamps) should however be preferred as they can not potentially conflict in a highly concurrent
environment, unlike timestamps where this is a possibility, depending on the resolution of the timestamp on the particular
database platform.
When a version conflict is encountered during `EntityManager#flush()`, an `OptimisticLockException` is thrown
and the active transaction rolled back (or marked for rollback). This exception can be caught and handled.
Potential responses to an OptimisticLockException are to present the conflict to the user or to
refresh or reload objects in a new transaction and then retrying the transaction.
With PHP promoting a share-nothing architecture, the time between showing an update form and actually modifying the entity can in the worst scenario be
as long as your applications session timeout. If changes happen to the entity in that time frame you want to know directly
when retrieving the entity that you will hit an optimistic locking exception:
You can always verify the version of an entity during a request either when calling `EntityManager#find()`:
<?php
use Doctrine\DBAL\LockMode;
use Doctrine\ORM\OptimisticLockException;
$theEntityId = 1;
$expectedVersion = 184;
try {
$entity = $em->find('User', $theEntityId, LockMode::OPTIMISTIC, $expectedVersion);
// do the work
$em->flush();
} catch(OptimisticLockException $e) {
echo "Sorry, but someone else has already changed this entity. Please apply the changes again!";
}
Or you can use `EntityManager#lock()` to find out:
<?php
use Doctrine\DBAL\LockMode;
use Doctrine\ORM\OptimisticLockException;
$theEntityId = 1;
$expectedVersion = 184;
$entity = $em->find('User', $theEntityId);
try {
// assert version
$em->lock($entity, LockMode::OPTIMISTIC, $expectedVersion);
} catch(OptimisticLockException $e) {
echo "Sorry, but someone else has already changed this entity. Please apply the changes again!";
}
#### Important Implementation Notes
You can easily get the optimistic locking workflow wrong if you compare the wrong versions.
Say you have Alice and Bob accessing a hypothetical bank account:
* Alice reads the headline of the blog post being "Foo", at optimistic lock version 1 (GET Request)
* Bob reads the headline of the blog post being "Foo", at optimistic lock version 1 (GET Request)
* Bob updates the headline to "Bar", upgrading the optimistic lock version to 2 (POST Request of a Form)
* Alice updates the headline to "Baz", ... (POST Request of a Form)
Now at the last stage of this scenario the blog post has to be read again from the database before
Alice's headline can be applied. At this point you will want to check if the blog post is still at version 1
(which it is not in this scenario).
Using optimistic locking correctly, you *have* to add the version as an additional hidden field
(or into the SESSION for more safety). Otherwise you cannot verify the version is still the one being originally read from
the database when Alice performed her GET request for the blog post. If this happens you might
see lost updates you wanted to prevent with Optimistic Locking.
See the example code, The form (GET Request):
<?php
$post = $em->find('BlogPost', 123456);
echo '<input type="hidden" name="id" value="' . $post->getId() . '" />';
echo '<input type="hidden" name="version" value="' . $post->getCurrentVersion() . '" />';
And the change headline action (POST Request):
<?php
$postId = (int)$_GET['id'];
$postVersion = (int)$_GET['version'];
$post = $em->find('BlogPost', $postId, \Doctrine\DBAL\LockMode::OPTIMISTIC, $postVersion);
### Pessimistic Locking
Doctrine 2 supports Pessimistic Locking at the database level. No attempt is being made to implement pessimistic locking
inside Doctrine, rather vendor-specific and ANSI-SQL commands are used to acquire row-level locks. Every Entity can
be part of a pessimistic lock, there is no special metadata required to use this feature.
However for Pessimistic Locking to work you have to disable the Auto-Commit Mode of your Database and start a
transaction around your pessimistic lock use-case using the "Approach 2: Explicit Transaction Demarcation" described
above. Doctrine 2 will throw an Exception if you attempt to acquire an pessimistic lock and no transaction is running.
Doctrine 2 currently supports two pessimistic lock modes:
* Pessimistic Write (`Doctrine\DBAL\LockMode::PESSIMISTIC_WRITE`), locks the underlying database rows for concurrent Read and Write Operations.
* Pessimistic Read (`Doctrine\DBAL\LockMode::PESSIMISTIC_READ`), locks other concurrent requests that attempt to update or lock rows in write mode.
You can use pessimistic locks in three different scenarios:
1. Using `EntityManager#find($className, $id, \Doctrine\DBAL\LockMode::PESSIMISTIC_WRITE)` or `EntityManager#find($className, $id, \Doctrine\DBAL\LockMode::PESSIMISTIC_READ)`
2. Using `EntityManager#lock($entity, \Doctrine\DBAL\LockMode::PESSIMISTIC_WRITE)` or `EntityManager#lock($entity, \Doctrine\DBAL\LockMode::PESSIMISTIC_READ)`
3. Using `Query#setLockMode(\Doctrine\DBAL\LockMode::PESSIMISTIC_WRITE)` or `Query#setLockMode(\Doctrine\DBAL\LockMode::PESSIMISTIC_READ)`

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@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
Working with Associations
=========================
Associations between entities are represented just like in regular
object-oriented PHP, with references to other objects or
collections of objects. When it comes to persistence, it is
@ -101,9 +104,8 @@ information about its type and if its the owning or inverse side.
This two entities generate the following MySQL Schema (Foreign Key
definitions omitted):
::
.. code-block:: sql
[sql]
CREATE TABLE User (
id VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
firstComment_id VARCHAR(255) DEFAULT NULL,
@ -262,7 +264,7 @@ essentially an ordered map (just like a PHP array). That is why the
separate method that has O(n) complexity using ``array_search``,
where n is the size of the map.
**NOTE**
.. note::
Since Doctrine always only looks at the owning side of a
bidirectional association for updates, it is not necessary for
@ -350,7 +352,7 @@ is needed. As you can see, proper bidirectional association
management in plain OOP is a non-trivial task and encapsulating all
the details inside the classes can be challenging.
**NOTE**
.. note::
If you want to make sure that your collections are perfectly
encapsulated you should not return them from a

417
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@ -1,417 +0,0 @@
Associations between entities are represented just like in regular object-oriented PHP, with references to other objects
or collections of objects. When it comes to persistence, it is important to understand three main things:
* The concept of owning and inverse sides in bidirectional associations as described [here](http://www.doctrine-project.org/documentation/manual/2_0/en/association-mapping#owning-side-and-inverse-side).
* If an entity is removed from a collection, the association is removed, not the entity itself. A collection of entities always only represents the association to the containing entities, not the entity itself.
* Collection-valued persistent fields have to be instances of the `Doctrine\Common\Collections\Collection` interface. [See here](http://www.doctrine-project.org/documentation/manual/2_0/en/architecture#entities:persistent-fields) for more details.
Changes to associations in your code are not synchronized to the database directly, but upon calling `EntityManager#flush()`.
To describe all the concepts of working with associations we introduce a specific set of example entities that show
all the different flavors of association management in Doctrine.
## Association Example Entities
We will use a simple comment system with Users and Comments as entities to show examples of association management.
See the PHP docblocks of each association in the following example for information about its type and if its the owning or inverse side.
<?php
/** @Entity */
class User
{
/** @Id @GeneratedValue @Column(type="string") */
private $id;
/**
* Bidirectional - Many users have Many favorite comments (OWNING SIDE)
*
* @ManyToMany(targetEntity="Comment", inversedBy="userFavorites")
* @JoinTable(name="user_favorite_comments",
* joinColumns={@JoinColumn(name="user_id", referencedColumnName="id")},
* inverseJoinColumns={@JoinColumn(name="favorite_comment_id", referencedColumnName="id")}
* )
*/
private $favorites;
/**
* Unidirectional - Many users have marked many comments as read
*
* @ManyToMany(targetEntity="Comment")
* @JoinTable(name="user_read_comments",
* joinColumns={@JoinColumn(name="user_id", referencedColumnName="id")},
* inverseJoinColumns={@JoinColumn(name="comment_id", referencedColumnName="id")}
* )
*/
private $commentsRead;
/**
* Bidirectional - One-To-Many (INVERSE SIDE)
*
* @OneToMany(targetEntity="Comment", mappedBy="author")
*/
private $commentsAuthored;
/**
* Unidirectional - Many-To-One
*
* @ManyToOne(targetEntity="Comment")
*/
private $firstComment;
}
/** @Entity */
class Comment
{
/** @Id @GeneratedValue @Column(type="string") */
private $id;
/**
* Bidirectional - Many comments are favorited by many users (INVERSE SIDE)
*
* @ManyToMany(targetEntity="User", mappedBy="favorites")
*/
private $userFavorites;
/**
* Bidirectional - Many Comments are authored by one user (OWNING SIDE)
*
* @ManyToOne(targetEntity="User", inversedBy="authoredComments")
*/
private $author;
}
This two entities generate the following MySQL Schema (Foreign Key definitions omitted):
[sql]
CREATE TABLE User (
id VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
firstComment_id VARCHAR(255) DEFAULT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY(id)
) ENGINE = InnoDB;
CREATE TABLE Comment (
id VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
author_id VARCHAR(255) DEFAULT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY(id)
) ENGINE = InnoDB;
CREATE TABLE user_favorite_comments (
user_id VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
favorite_comment_id VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY(user_id, favorite_comment_id)
) ENGINE = InnoDB;
CREATE TABLE user_read_comments (
user_id VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
comment_id VARCHAR(255) NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY(user_id, comment_id)
) ENGINE = InnoDB;
## Establishing Associations
Establishing an association between two entities is straight-forward. Here are some examples for the unidirectional
relations of the `User`:
<?php
class User
{
// ...
public function getReadComments() {
return $this->commentsRead;
}
public function setFirstComment(Comment $c) {
$this->firstComment = $c;
}
}
The interaction code would then look like in the following snippet (`$em` here is an instance of the EntityManager):
<?php
$user = $em->find('User', $userId);
// unidirectional many to many
$comment = $em->find('Comment', $readCommentId);
$user->getReadComments()->add($comment);
$em->flush();
// unidirectional many to one
$myFirstComment = new Comment();
$user->setFirstComment($myFirstComment);
$em->persist($myFirstComment);
$em->flush();
In the case of bi-directional associations you have to update the fields on both sides:
<?php
class User
{
// ..
public function getAuthoredComments() {
return $this->commentsAuthored;
}
public function getFavoriteComments() {
return $this->favorites;
}
}
class Comment
{
// ...
public function getUserFavorites() {
return $this->userFavorites;
}
public function setAuthor(User $author = null) {
$this->author = $author;
}
}
// Many-to-Many
$user->getFavorites()->add($favoriteComment);
$favoriteComment->getUserFavorites()->add($user);
$em->flush();
// Many-To-One / One-To-Many Bidirectional
$newComment = new Comment();
$user->getAuthoredComments()->add($newComment);
$newComment->setAuthor($user);
$em->persist($newComment);
$em->flush();
Notice how always both sides of the bidirectional association are updated. The previous unidirectional associations were simpler to handle.
## Removing Associations
Removing an association between two entities is similarly straight-forward. There are two strategies
to do so, by key and by element. Here are some examples:
<?php
// Remove by Elements
$user->getComments()->removeElement($comment);
$comment->setAuthor(null);
$user->getFavorites()->removeElement($comment);
$comment->getUserFavorites()->removeElement($user);
// Remove by Key
$user->getComments()->removeElement($ithComment);
$comment->setAuthor(null);
You need to call `$em->flush()` to make persist these changes in the database permanently.
Notice how both sides of the bidirectional association are always updated. Unidirectional associations are consequently
simpler to handle. Also note that if you type-hint your methods, i.e. `setAddress(Address $address)`, then PHP does only
allows null values if `null` is set as default value. Otherwise setAddress(null) will fail for removing the association.
If you insist on type-hinting a typical way to deal with this is to provide a special method, like `removeAddress()`.
This can also provide better encapsulation as it hides the internal meaning of not having an address.
When working with collections, keep in mind that a Collection is essentially an ordered map (just like a PHP array).
That is why the `remove` operation accepts an index/key. `removeElement` is a separate method
that has O(n) complexity using `array_search`, where n is the size of the map.
> **NOTE**
>
> Since Doctrine always only looks at the owning side of a bidirectional association for updates, it is not necessary
> for write operations that an inverse collection of a bidirectional one-to-many or many-to-many association is updated.
> This knowledge can often be used to improve performance by avoiding the loading of the inverse collection.
You can also clear the contents of a whole collection using the `Collections::clear()` method. You
should be aware that using this method can lead to a straight and optimized database delete or update call
during the flush operation that is not aware of entities that have been re-added to the collection.
Say you clear a collection of tags by calling `$post->getTags()->clear();` and then call
`$post->getTags()->add($tag)`. This will not recognize tag being already added before and issue
two database calls.
## Association Management Methods
It is generally a good idea to encapsulate proper association management inside the entity classes. This makes it easier to use the class correctly and can encapsulate details about how the association is maintained.
The following code shows updates to the previous User and Comment example that encapsulate much of
the association management code:
<?php
class User
{
//...
public function markCommentRead(Comment $comment) {
// Collections implement ArrayAccess
$this->commentsRead[] = $comment;
}
public function addComment(Comment $comment) {
if (count($this->commentsAuthored) == 0) {
$this->setFirstComment($comment);
}
$this->comments[] = $comment;
$comment->setAuthor($this);
}
private function setFirstComment(Comment $c) {
$this->firstComment = $c;
}
public function addFavorite(Comment $comment) {
$this->favorites->add($comment);
$comment->addUserFavorite($this);
}
public function removeFavorite(Comment $comment) {
$this->favorites->removeElement($comment);
$comment->removeUserFavorite($this);
}
}
class Comment
{
// ..
public function addUserFavorite(User $user) {
$this->userFavorites[] = $user;
}
public function removeUserFavorite(User $user) {
$this->userFavorites->removeElement($user);
}
}
You will notice that `addUserFavorite` and `removeUserFavorite` do not call `addFavorite` and `removeFavorite`,
thus the bidirectional association is strictly-speaking still incomplete. However if you would naively add the
`addFavorite` in `addUserFavorite`, you end up with an infinite loop, so more work is needed.
As you can see, proper bidirectional association management in plain OOP is a non-trivial task
and encapsulating all the details inside the classes can be challenging.
> **NOTE**
>
> If you want to make sure that your collections are perfectly encapsulated you should not return
> them from a `getCollectionName()` method directly, but call `$collection->toArray()`. This way a client programmer
> for the entity cannot circumvent the logic you implement on your entity for association management. For example:
<?php
class User {
public function getReadComments() {
return $this->commentsRead->toArray();
}
}
This will however always initialize the collection, with all the performance penalties given the size. In
some scenarios of large collections it might even be a good idea to completely hide the read access behind
methods on the EntityRepository.
There is no single, best way for association management. It greatly depends on the requirements of your concrete
domain model as well as your preferences.
## Synchronizing Bidirectional Collections
In the case of Many-To-Many associations you as the developer are responsible to keep the collections on the
owning and inverse side up in sync, when you apply changes to them. Doctrine can only guarantee a consistent
state for the hydration, not for your client code.
Using the User-Comment entities from above, a very simple example can show the possible caveats you can encounter:
<?php
$user->getFavorites()->add($favoriteComment);
// not calling $favoriteComment->getUserFavorites()->add($user);
$user->getFavorites()->contains($favoriteComment); // TRUE
$favoriteComment->getUserFavorites()->contains($user); // FALSE
There are to approaches to handle this problem in your code:
1. Ignore updating the inverse side of bidirectional collections, BUT never read from them in requests that changed
their state. In the next Request Doctrine hydrates the consistent collection state again.
2. Always keep the bidirectional collections in sync through association management methods. Reads of
the Collections directly after changes are consistent then.
## Transitive persistence / Cascade Operations
Persisting, removing, detaching and merging individual entities can become pretty
cumbersome, especially when a larger object graph with collections is involved.
Therefore Doctrine 2 provides a mechanism for transitive persistence through
cascading of these operations. Each association to another entity or a collection
of entities can be configured to automatically cascade certain operations. By
default, no operations are cascaded.
The following cascade options exist:
* persist : Cascades persist operations to the associated entities.
* remove : Cascades remove operations to the associated entities.
* merge : Cascades merge operations to the associated entities.
* detach : Cascades detach operations to the associated entities.
* all : Cascades persist, remove, merge and detach operations to associated entities.
The following example is an extension to the User-Comment example of this chapter.
Suppose in our application a user is created whenever he writes his first comment.
In this case we would use the following code:
<?php
$user = new User();
$myFirstComment = new Comment();
$user->addComment($myFirstComment);
$em->persist($user);
$em->persist($myFirstComment);
$em->flush();
Even if you *persist* a new User that contains our new Comment this code would fail
if you removed the call to `EntityManager#persist($myFirstComment)`. Doctrine 2 does
not cascade the persist operation to all nested entities that are new as well.
More complicated is the deletion of all a users comments when he is removed from the system:
$user = $em->find('User', $deleteUserId);
foreach ($user->getAuthoredComments() AS $comment) {
$em->remove($comment);
}
$em->remove($user);
$em->flush();
Without the loop over all the authored comments Doctrine would use an UPDATE statement only
to set the foreign key to NULL and only the User would be deleted from the database
during the flush()-Operation.
To have Doctrine handle both cases automatically we can change the `User#commentsAuthored`
property to cascade both the "persist" and the "remove" operation.
<?php
class User
{
//...
/**
* Bidirectional - One-To-Many (INVERSE SIDE)
*
* @OneToMany(targetEntity="Comment", mappedBy="author", cascade={"persist", "remove"})
*/
private $commentsAuthored;
//...
}
Even though automatic cascading is convenient it should be used with care.
Do not blindly apply cascade=all to all associations as it will unnecessarily
degrade the performance of your application. For each cascade operation that gets
activated Doctrine also applies that operation to the association, be it
single or collection valued.
### Persistence by Reachability: Cascade Persist
There are additional semantics that apply to the Cascade Persist operation.
During each flush() operation Doctrine detects if there are new entities in any
collection and three possible cases can happen:
1. New entities in a collection marked as cascade persist will be directly persisted by Doctrine.
2. New entities in a collection not marked as cascade persist will produce an Exception and rollback the flush() operation.
3. Collections without new entities are skipped.
This concept is called Persistence by Reachability: New entities that are found on
already managed entities are automatically persisted as long as the association is defined
as cascade persist.

27
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View File

@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
Working with Objects
====================
In this chapter we will help you understand the ``EntityManager``
and the ``UnitOfWork``. A Unit of Work is similar to an
object-level transaction. A new Unit of Work is implicitly started
@ -10,7 +13,7 @@ A Unit of Work can be manually closed by calling
EntityManager#close(). Any changes to objects within this Unit of
Work that have not yet been persisted are lost.
**NOTE**
.. note::
It is very important to understand that only
``EntityManager#flush()`` ever causes write operations against the
@ -172,7 +175,7 @@ methods along the lines of the ``getName()`` method shown below:
// .. other public methods of User
}
**Warning**
.. warning::
Traversing the object graph for parts that are lazy-loaded will
easily trigger lots of SQL queries and will perform badly if used
@ -191,7 +194,9 @@ a result the persistent state of such an entity will subsequently
be properly synchronized with the database when
``EntityManager#flush()`` is invoked.
**CAUTION** Invoking the ``persist`` method on an entity does NOT
.. warning::
Invoking the ``persist`` method on an entity does NOT
cause an immediate SQL INSERT to be issued on the database.
Doctrine applies a strategy called "transactional write-behind",
which means that it will delay most SQL commands until
@ -211,7 +216,9 @@ Example:
$em->persist($user);
$em->flush();
**CAUTION** Generated entity identifiers / primary keys are
.. warning::
Generated entity identifiers / primary keys are
guaranteed to be available after the next successful flush
operation that involves the entity in question. You can not rely on
a generated identifier to be available directly after invoking
@ -244,7 +251,9 @@ the ``EntityManager#remove($entity)`` method. By applying the
which means that its persistent state will be deleted once
``EntityManager#flush()`` is invoked.
**CAUTION** Just like ``persist``, invoking ``remove`` on an entity
.. warning::
Just like ``persist``, invoking ``remove`` on an entity
does NOT cause an immediate SQL DELETE to be issued on the
database. The entity will be deleted on the next invocation of
``EntityManager#flush()`` that involves that entity.
@ -423,7 +432,9 @@ the ``merge`` operation is to reattach entities to an EntityManager
that come from some cache (and are therefore detached) and you want
to modify and persist such an entity.
**NOTE** If you load some detached entities from a cache and you do
.. note::
If you load some detached entities from a cache and you do
not need to persist or delete them or otherwise make use of them
without the need for persistence services there is no need to use
``merge``. I.e. you can simply pass detached objects from a cache
@ -516,7 +527,9 @@ to change tracking (see "Change Tracking Policies") and, of course,
memory consumption, so you may want to check it from time to time
during development.
**CAUTION** Do not invoke ``flush`` after every change to an entity
.. warning::
Do not invoke ``flush`` after every change to an entity
or every single invocation of persist/remove/merge/... This is an
anti-pattern and unnecessarily reduces the performance of your
application. Instead, form units of work that operate on your

549
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@ -1,549 +0,0 @@
In this chapter we will help you understand the `EntityManager` and the `UnitOfWork`.
A Unit of Work is similar to an object-level transaction. A new Unit of Work is
implicitly started when an EntityManager is initially created or after
`EntityManager#flush()` has been invoked. A Unit of Work is committed
(and a new one started) by invoking `EntityManager#flush()`.
A Unit of Work can be manually closed by calling EntityManager#close(). Any
changes to objects within this Unit of Work that have not yet been persisted
are lost.
> **NOTE**
>
> It is very important to understand that only `EntityManager#flush()` ever causes
> write operations against the database to be executed. Any other methods such
> as `EntityManager#persist($entity)` or `EntityManager#remove($entity)` only
> notify the UnitOfWork to perform these operations during flush.
>
> Not calling `EntityManager#flush()` will lead to all changes during that request being lost.
## Entities and the Identity Map
Entities are objects with identity. Their identity has a conceptual meaning inside your domain.
In a CMS application each article has a unique id. You can uniquely identify each article
by that id.
Take the following example, where you find an article with the headline "Hello World"
with the ID 1234:
<?php
$article = $entityManager->find('CMS\Article', 1234);
$article->setHeadline('Hello World dude!');
$article2 = $entityManager->find('CMS\Article', 1234);
echo $article2->getHeadline();
In this case the Article is accessed from the entity manager twice, but modified in between.
Doctrine 2 realizes this and will only ever give you access to one instance of the Article
with ID 1234, no matter how often do you retrieve it from the EntityManager and even no
matter what kind of Query method you are using (find, Repository Finder or DQL).
This is called "Identity Map" pattern, which means Doctrine keeps a map of each entity
and ids that have been retrieved per PHP request and keeps returning you the same instances.
In the previous example the echo prints "Hello World dude!" to the screen. You can
even verify that `$article` and `$article2` are indeed pointing to the same instance
by running the following code:
<?php
if ($article === $article2) {
echo "Yes we are the same!";
}
Sometimes you want to clear the identity map of an EntityManager to start over. We use
this regularly in our unit-tests to enforce loading objects from the database again
instead of serving them from the identity map. You can call `EntityManager#clear()`
to achieve this result.
## Entity Object Graph Traversal
Although Doctrine allows for a complete separation of your domain model (Entity classes)
there will never be a situation where objects are "missing" when traversing associations.
You can walk all the associations inside your entity models as deep as you want.
Take the following example of a single `Article` entity fetched from newly opened EntityManager.
<?php
/** @Entity */
class Article
{
/** @Id @Column(type="integer") @GeneratedValue */
private $id;
/** @Column(type="string") */
private $headline;
/** @ManyToOne(targetEntity="User") */
private $author;
/** @OneToMany(targetEntity="Comment", mappedBy="article") */
private $comments;
public function __construct {
$this->comments = new ArrayCollection();
}
public function getAuthor() { return $this->author; }
public function getComments() { return $this->comments; }
}
$article = $em->find('Article', 1);
This code only retrieves the `User` instance with id 1 executing a single SELECT statement
against the user table in the database. You can still access the associated properties author
and comments and the associated objects they contain.
This works by utilizing the lazy loading pattern. Instead of passing you back a real
Author instance and a collection of comments Doctrine will create proxy instances for you.
Only if you access these proxies for the first time they will go through the EntityManager
and load their state from the database.
This lazy-loading process happens behind the scenes, hidden from your code. See the following code:
<?php
$article = $em->find('Article', 1);
// accessing a method of the user instance triggers the lazy-load
echo "Author: " . $article->getAuthor()->getName() . "\n";
// Lazy Loading Proxies pass instanceof tests:
if ($article->getAuthor() instanceof User) {
// a User Proxy is a generated "UserProxy" class
}
// accessing the comments as an iterator triggers the lazy-load
// retrieving ALL the comments of this article from the database
// using a single SELECT statement
foreach ($article->getComments() AS $comment) {
echo $comment->getText() . "\n\n";
}
// Article::$comments passes instanceof tests for the Collection interface
// But it will NOT pass for the ArrayCollection interface
if ($article->getComments() instanceof \Doctrine\Common\Collections\Collection) {
echo "This will always be true!";
}
A slice of the generated proxy classes code looks like the following piece of code. A real proxy
class override ALL public methods along the lines of the `getName()` method shown below:
<?php
class UserProxy extends User implements Proxy
{
private function _load()
{
// lazy loading code
}
public function getName()
{
$this->_load();
return parent::getName();
}
// .. other public methods of User
}
> **Warning**
>
> Traversing the object graph for parts that are lazy-loaded will easily trigger lots
> of SQL queries and will perform badly if used to heavily. Make sure to use DQL
> to fetch-join all the parts of the object-graph that you need as efficiently as possible.
## Persisting entities
An entity can be made persistent by passing it to the `EntityManager#persist($entity)`
method. By applying the persist operation on some entity, that entity becomes MANAGED,
which means that its persistence is from now on managed by an EntityManager. As a
result the persistent state of such an entity will subsequently be properly
synchronized with the database when `EntityManager#flush()` is invoked.
> **CAUTION**
> Invoking the `persist` method on an entity does NOT cause an immediate SQL INSERT to be
> issued on the database. Doctrine applies a strategy called "transactional write-behind",
> which means that it will delay most SQL commands until `EntityManager#flush()` is
> invoked which will then issue all necessary SQL statements to synchronize your objects
> with the database in the most efficient way and a single, short transaction,
> taking care of maintaining referential integrity.
Example:
<?php
$user = new User;
$user->setName('Mr.Right');
$em->persist($user);
$em->flush();
> **CAUTION**
> Generated entity identifiers / primary keys are guaranteed to be available after the
> next successful flush operation that involves the entity in question.
> You can not rely on a generated identifier to be available directly after invoking `persist`.
> The inverse is also true. You can not rely on a generated identifier being not available
> after a failed flush operation.
The semantics of the persist operation, applied on an entity X, are as follows:
* If X is a new entity, it becomes managed. The entity X will be entered into the database as a result of the flush operation.
* If X is a preexisting managed entity, it is ignored by the persist operation. However, the persist operation is cascaded to entities referenced by X, if the relationships from X to these other entities are mapped with cascade=PERSIST or cascade=ALL (see "Transitive Persistence").
* If X is a removed entity, it becomes managed.
* If X is a detached entity, an exception will be thrown on flush.
## Removing entities
An entity can be removed from persistent storage by passing it to the `EntityManager#remove($entity)` method. By applying the `remove` operation on some entity, that entity becomes REMOVED, which means that its persistent state will be deleted once `EntityManager#flush()` is invoked.
> **CAUTION**
> Just like `persist`, invoking `remove` on an entity does NOT cause an immediate SQL
> DELETE to be issued on the database. The entity will be deleted on the next invocation
> of `EntityManager#flush()` that involves that entity.
Example:
<?php
$em->remove($user);
$em->flush();
The semantics of the remove operation, applied to an entity X are as follows:
* If X is a new entity, it is ignored by the remove operation. However, the remove operation is cascaded to entities referenced by X, if the relationship from X to these other entities is mapped with cascade=REMOVE or cascade=ALL (see "Transitive Persistence").
* If X is a managed entity, the remove operation causes it to become removed. The remove operation is cascaded to entities referenced by X, if the relationships from X to these other entities is mapped with cascade=REMOVE or cascade=ALL (see "Transitive Persistence").
* If X is a detached entity, an InvalidArgumentException will be thrown.
* If X is a removed entity, it is ignored by the remove operation.
* A removed entity X will be removed from the database as a result of the flush operation.
After an entity has been removed its in-memory state is the same as before the removal, except for generated identifiers.
Removing an entity will also automatically delete any existing records in many-to-many
join tables that link this entity. The action taken depends on the value of the `@joinColumn`
mapping attribute "onDelete". Either Doctrine issues a dedicated `DELETE` statement
for records of each join table or it depends on the foreign key semantics of
onDelete="CASCADE".
Deleting an object with all its associated objects can be achieved in multiple
ways with very different performance impacts.
1. If an association is marked as `CASCADE=REMOVE` Doctrine 2 will fetch this
association. If its a Single association it will pass this entity to
´EntityManager#remove()`. If the association is a collection, Doctrine will loop over all
its elements and pass them to `EntityManager#remove()`. In both cases the
cascade remove semantics are applied recursively. For large object graphs
this removal strategy can be very costly.
2. Using a DQL `DELETE` statement allows you to delete multiple entities of a
type with a single command and without hydrating these entities. This
can be very efficient to delete large object graphs from the database.
3. Using foreign key semantics `onDelete="CASCADE"` can force the database
to remove all associated objects internally. This strategy is a bit
tricky to get right but can be very powerful and fast. You should be aware
however that using strategy 1 (`CASCADE=REMOVE`) completely by-passes
any foreign key `onDelete=CASCADE` option, because Doctrine will fetch and remove
all associated entities explicitly nevertheless.
## Detaching entities
An entity is detached from an EntityManager and thus no longer managed by
invoking the `EntityManager#detach($entity)` method on it or by cascading
the detach operation to it. Changes made to the detached entity, if any
(including removal of the entity), will not be synchronized to the database
after the entity has been detached.
Doctrine will not hold on to any references to a detached entity.
Example:
<?php
$em->detach($entity);
The semantics of the detach operation, applied to an entity X are as follows:
* If X is a managed entity, the detach operation causes it to become detached. The detach operation is cascaded to entities referenced by X, if the relationships from X to these other entities is mapped with cascade=DETACH or cascade=ALL (see "Transitive Persistence"). Entities which previously referenced X will continue to reference X.
* If X is a new or detached entity, it is ignored by the detach operation.
* If X is a removed entity, the detach operation is cascaded to entities referenced by X, if the relationships from X to these other entities is mapped with cascade=DETACH or cascade=ALL (see "Transitive Persistence"). Entities which previously referenced X will continue to reference X.
There are several situations in which an entity is detached automatically without invoking the `detach` method:
* When `EntityManager#clear()` is invoked, all entities that are currently managed by the EntityManager instance become detached.
* When serializing an entity. The entity retrieved upon subsequent unserialization will be detached (This is the case for all entities that are serialized and stored in some cache, i.e. when using the Query Result Cache).
The `detach` operation is usually not as frequently needed and used as `persist` and `remove`.
## Merging entities
Merging entities refers to the merging of (usually detached) entities into the
context of an EntityManager so that they become managed again. To merge the
state of an entity into an EntityManager use the `EntityManager#merge($entity)`
method. The state of the passed entity will be merged into a managed copy of
this entity and this copy will subsequently be returned.
Example:
<?php
$detachedEntity = unserialize($serializedEntity); // some detached entity
$entity = $em->merge($detachedEntity);
// $entity now refers to the fully managed copy returned by the merge operation.
// The EntityManager $em now manages the persistence of $entity as usual.
> **CAUTION**
> When you want to serialize/unserialize entities you have to make all entity properties
> protected, never private. The reason for this is, if you serialize a class that was a proxy
> instance before, the private variables won't be serialized and a PHP Notice is thrown.
The semantics of the merge operation, applied to an entity X, are as follows:
* If X is a detached entity, the state of X is copied onto a pre-existing managed entity instance X' of the same identity.
* If X is a new entity instance, a new managed copy X' will be created and the state of X is copied onto this managed instance.
* If X is a removed entity instance, an InvalidArgumentException will be thrown.
* If X is a managed entity, it is ignored by the merge operation, however, the merge operation is cascaded to entities referenced by relationships from X if these relationships have been mapped with the cascade element value MERGE or ALL (see "Transitive Persistence").
* For all entities Y referenced by relationships from X having the cascade element value
MERGE or ALL, Y is merged recursively as Y'. For all such Y referenced by X, X' is set to reference Y'. (Note that if X is managed then X is the same object as X'.)
* If X is an entity merged to X', with a reference to another entity Y, where cascade=MERGE or cascade=ALL is not specified, then navigation of the same association from X' yields a reference to a managed object Y' with the same persistent identity as Y.
The `merge` operation will throw an `OptimisticLockException` if the entity
being merged uses optimistic locking through a version field and the versions
of the entity being merged and the managed copy don't match. This usually means
that the entity has been modified while being detached.
The `merge` operation is usually not as frequently needed and used as `persist`
and `remove`. The most common scenario for the `merge` operation is to reattach
entities to an EntityManager that come from some cache (and are therefore detached)
and you want to modify and persist such an entity.
> **NOTE**
> If you load some detached entities from a cache and you do not need to persist or
> delete them or otherwise make use of them without the need for persistence services
> there is no need to use `merge`. I.e. you can simply pass detached objects from a cache
> directly to the view.
## Synchronization with the Database
The state of persistent entities is synchronized with the database on flush of an `EntityManager`
which commits the underlying `UnitOfWork`. The synchronization involves writing any updates to
persistent entities and their relationships to the database. Thereby bidirectional relationships
are persisted based on the references held by the owning side of the relationship as explained
in the Association Mapping chapter.
When `EntityManager#flush()` is called, Doctrine inspects all managed, new and removed entities
and will perform the following operations.
### Synchronizing New and Managed Entities
The flush operation applies to a managed entity with the following semantics:
* The entity itself is synchronized to the database using a SQL UPDATE statement, only if at least one persistent field has changed.
* No SQL updates are executed if the entity did not change.
The flush operation applies to a new entity with the following semantics:
* The entity itself is synchronized to the database using a SQL INSERT statement.
For all (initialized) relationships of the new or managed entity the following semantics apply to each
associated entity X:
* If X is new and persist operations are configured to cascade on the relationship,
X will be persisted.
* If X is new and no persist operations are configured to cascade on the relationship,
an exception will be thrown as this indicates a programming error.
* If X is removed and persist operations are configured to cascade on the relationship,
an exception will be thrown as this indicates a programming error (X would be re-persisted by the cascade).
* If X is detached and persist operations are configured to cascade on the relationship,
an exception will be thrown (This is semantically the same as passing X to persist()).
### Synchronizing Removed Entities
The flush operation applies to a removed entity by deleting its persistent state from the database.
No cascade options are relevant for removed entities on flush, the cascade remove option is already
executed during `EntityManager#remove($entity)`.
### The size of a Unit of Work
The size of a Unit of Work mainly refers to the number of managed entities at
a particular point in time.
### The cost of flushing
How costly a flush operation is, mainly depends on two factors:
* The size of the EntityManager's current UnitOfWork.
* The configured change tracking policies
You can get the size of a UnitOfWork as follows:
<?php
$uowSize = $em->getUnitOfWork()->size();
The size represents the number of managed entities in the Unit of Work. This
size affects the performance of flush() operations due to change tracking
(see "Change Tracking Policies") and, of course, memory consumption, so you
may want to check it from time to time during development.
> **CAUTION**
> Do not invoke `flush` after every change to an entity or every single invocation of
> persist/remove/merge/... This is an anti-pattern and unnecessarily reduces the
> performance of your application. Instead, form units of work that operate on your objects
> and call `flush` when you are done. While serving a single HTTP request there should
> be usually no need for invoking `flush` more than 0-2 times.
### Direct access to a Unit of Work
You can get direct access to the Unit of Work by calling `EntityManager#getUnitOfWork()`.
This will return the UnitOfWork instance the EntityManager is currently using.
<?php
$uow = $em->getUnitOfWork();
> **NOTE**
> Directly manipulating a UnitOfWork is not recommended. When working directly with the
> UnitOfWork API, respect methods marked as INTERNAL by not using them and carefully read
> the API documentation.
### Entity State
As outlined in the architecture overview an entity can be in one of four possible states:
NEW, MANAGED, REMOVED, DETACHED. If you explicitly need to find out what the current state
of an entity is in the context of a certain `EntityManager` you can ask the underlying
`UnitOfWork`:
<?php
switch ($em->getUnitOfWork()->getEntityState($entity)) {
case UnitOfWork::MANAGED:
...
case UnitOfWork::REMOVED:
...
case UnitOfWork::DETACHED:
...
case UnitOfWork::NEW:
...
}
An entity is in MANAGED state if it is associated with an `EntityManager` and it is not REMOVED.
An entity is in REMOVED state after it has been passed to `EntityManager#remove()` until the
next flush operation of the same EntityManager. A REMOVED entity is still associated with an
`EntityManager` until the next flush operation.
An entity is in DETACHED state if it has persistent state and identity but is currently not
associated with an `EntityManager`.
An entity is in NEW state if has no persistent state and identity and is not associated with an
`EntityManager` (for example those just created via the "new" operator).
## Querying
Doctrine 2 provides the following ways, in increasing level of power and flexibility, to query for persistent objects. You should always start with the simplest one that suits your needs.
### By Primary Key
The most basic way to query for a persistent object is by its identifier / primary key using the `EntityManager#find($entityName, $id)` method. Here is an example:
<?php
// $em instanceof EntityManager
$user = $em->find('MyProject\Domain\User', $id);
The return value is either the found entity instance or null if no instance could be found with the given identifier.
Essentially, `EntityManager#find()` is just a shortcut for the following:
<?php
// $em instanceof EntityManager
$user = $em->getRepository('MyProject\Domain\User')->find($id);
`EntityManager#getRepository($entityName)` returns a repository object which provides many ways to retrieve entities of the specified type. By default, the repository instance is of type `Doctrine\ORM\EntityRepository`. You can also use custom repository classes as shown later.
### By Simple Conditions
To query for one or more entities based on several conditions that form a logical conjunction, use the `findBy` and `findOneBy` methods on a repository as follows:
<?php
// $em instanceof EntityManager
// All users that are 20 years old
$users = $em->getRepository('MyProject\Domain\User')->findBy(array('age' => 20));
// All users that are 20 years old and have a surname of 'Miller'
$users = $em->getRepository('MyProject\Domain\User')->findBy(array('age' => 20, 'surname' => 'Miller'));
// A single user by its nickname
$user = $em->getRepository('MyProject\Domain\User')->findOneBy(array('nickname' => 'romanb'));
An EntityRepository also provides a mechanism for more concise calls through its use of `__call`. Thus, the following two examples are equivalent:
<?php
// A single user by its nickname
$user = $em->getRepository('MyProject\Domain\User')->findOneBy(array('nickname' => 'romanb'));
// A single user by its nickname (__call magic)
$user = $em->getRepository('MyProject\Domain\User')->findOneByNickname('romanb');
### By Eager Loading
Whenever you query for an entity that has persistent associations and these associations are mapped as EAGER, they will automatically be loaded together with the entity being queried and is thus immediately available to your application.
### By Lazy Loading
Whenever you have a managed entity instance at hand, you can traverse and use any associations of that entity that are configured LAZY as if they were in-memory already. Doctrine will automatically load the associated objects on demand through the concept of lazy-loading.
### By DQL
The most powerful and flexible method to query for persistent objects is the Doctrine Query Language, an object query language. DQL enables you to query for persistent objects in the language of objects. DQL understands classes, fields, inheritance and associations.
DQL is syntactically very similar to the familiar SQL but *it is not SQL*.
A DQL query is represented by an instance of the `Doctrine\ORM\Query` class. You create a query using `EntityManager#createQuery($dql)`. Here is a simple example:
<?php
// $em instanceof EntityManager
// All users with an age between 20 and 30 (inclusive).
$q = $em->createQuery("select u from MyDomain\Model\User u where u.age >= 20 and u.age <= 30");
$users = $q->getResult();
Note that this query contains no knowledge about the relational schema, only about the object model. DQL supports positional as well as named parameters, many functions, (fetch) joins, aggregates, subqueries and much more. Detailed information about DQL and its syntax as well as the Doctrine\ORM\Query class can be found in [the dedicated chapter](http://www.doctrine-project.org/documentation/manual/2_0/en/dql-doctrine-query-language). For programmatically building up queries based on conditions that are only known at runtime, Doctrine provides the special `Doctrine\ORM\QueryBuilder` class. More information on constructing queries with a QueryBuilder can be found [in the dedicated chapter](http://www.doctrine-project.org/documentation/manual/2_0/en/query-builder).
### By Native Queries
As an alternative to DQL or as a fallback for special SQL statements native queries can be used.
Native queries are built by using a hand-crafted SQL query and a ResultSetMapping that describes
how the SQL result set should be transformed by Doctrine. More information about native queries
can be found in [the dedicated chapter](http://www.doctrine-project.org/documentation/manual/2_0/en/native-sql).
### Custom Repositories
By default the EntityManager returns a default implementation of `Doctrine\ORM\EntityRepository` when
you call `EntityManager#getRepository($entityClass)`. You can overwrite this behaviour by specifying
the class name of your own Entity Repository in the Annotation, XML or YAML metadata.
In large applications that require lots of specialized DQL queries using a custom repository is
one recommended way of grouping these queries in a central location.
<?php
namespace MyDomain\Model;
use Doctrine\ORM\EntityRepository;
/**
* @entity(repositoryClass="MyDomain\Model\UserRepository")
*/
class User
{
}
class UserRepository extends EntityRepository
{
public function getAllAdminUsers()
{
return $this->_em->createQuery('SELECT u FROM MyDomain\Model\User u WHERE u.status = "admin"')
->getResult();
}
}
You can access your repository now by calling:
<?php
// $em instanceof EntityManager
$admins = $em->getRepository('MyDomain\Model\User')->getAllAdminUsers();

65
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@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
XML Mapping
===========
The XML mapping driver enables you to provide the ORM metadata in
form of XML documents.
@ -13,9 +16,8 @@ code-completion based on such an XML Schema document. The following
is an outline of a XML mapping document with the proper xmlns/xsi
setup for the latest code in trunk.
::
.. code-block:: xml
[xml]
<doctrine-mapping xmlns="http://doctrine-project.org/schemas/orm/doctrine-mapping"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://doctrine-project.org/schemas/orm/doctrine-mapping
@ -68,9 +70,8 @@ Example
As a quick start, here is a small example document that makes use
of several common elements:
::
.. code-block:: xml
[xml]
// Doctrine.Tests.ORM.Mapping.User.dcm.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<doctrine-mapping xmlns="http://doctrine-project.org/schemas/orm/doctrine-mapping"
@ -153,9 +154,8 @@ Each XML Mapping File contains the definition of one entity,
specified as the ``<entity />`` element as a direct child of the
``<doctrine-mapping />`` element:
::
.. code-block:: xml
[xml]
<doctrine-mapping>
<entity name="MyProject\User" table="cms_users" repository-class="MyProject\UserRepository">
<!-- definition here -->
@ -188,9 +188,8 @@ element as a children to the ``<entity />`` element. The field
element is only used for primitive types that are not the ID of the
entity. For the ID mapping you have to use the ``<id />`` element.
::
.. code-block:: xml
[xml]
<entity name="MyProject\User">
<field name="name" type="string" length="50" />
@ -238,9 +237,8 @@ surrogate keys are recommended for use with Doctrine 2. The Id
field allows to define properties of the identifier and allows a
subset of the ``<field />`` element attributes:
::
.. code-block:: xml
[xml]
<entity name="MyProject\User">
<id name="id" type="integer" column="user_id" />
</entity>
@ -270,9 +268,8 @@ to nest a ``<generator />`` element inside the id-element. This of
course only works for surrogate keys. For composite keys you always
have to use the ``ASSIGNED`` strategy.
::
.. code-block:: xml
[xml]
<entity name="MyProject\User">
<id name="id" type="integer" column="user_id">
<generator strategy="AUTO" />
@ -333,9 +330,8 @@ from, which itself is not an entity however. The chapter on
*Inheritance Mapping* describes a Mapped Superclass in detail. You
can define it in XML using the ``<mapped-superclass />`` tag.
::
.. code-block:: xml
[xml]
<doctrine-mapping>
<mapped-superclass name="MyProject\BaseClass">
<field name="created" type="datetime" />
@ -366,9 +362,8 @@ You can specify the inheritance type in the ``<entity />`` element
and then use the ``<discriminator-column />`` and
``<discriminator-mapping />`` attributes.
::
.. code-block:: xml
[xml]
<entity name="MyProject\Animal" inheritance-type="JOINED">
<discriminator-column name="discr" type="string" />
<discriminator-map>
@ -381,7 +376,7 @@ and then use the ``<discriminator-column />`` and
The allowed values for inheritance-type attribute are ``JOINED`` or
``SINGLE_TABLE``.
**NOTE**
.. note::
All inheritance related definitions have to be defined on the root
entity of the hierarchy.
@ -393,9 +388,8 @@ Defining Lifecycle Callbacks
You can define the lifecycle callback methods on your entities
using the ``<lifecycle-callbacks />`` element:
::
.. code-block:: xml
[xml]
<entity name="Doctrine\Tests\ORM\Mapping\User" table="cms_users">
<lifecycle-callbacks>
@ -412,9 +406,8 @@ depend on the associations being on the inverse or owning side.
For the inverse side the mapping is as simple as:
::
.. code-block:: xml
[xml]
<entity class="MyProject\User">
<one-to-one field="address" target-entity="Address" mapped-by="user" />
</entity>
@ -431,9 +424,8 @@ Required attributes for inverse One-To-One:
For the owning side this mapping would look like:
::
.. code-block:: xml
[xml]
<entity class="MyProject\Address">
<one-to-one field="user" target-entity="User" inversed-by="address" />
</entity>
@ -467,9 +459,8 @@ association, which means it contains the foreign key.
The completed explicitly defined mapping is:
::
.. code-block:: xml
[xml]
<entity class="MyProject\Address">
<one-to-one field="user" target-entity="User" inversed-by="address">
<join-column name="user_id" referenced-column-name="id" />
@ -484,9 +475,8 @@ bidirectional association. This simplifies the mapping compared to
the one-to-one case. The minimal mapping for this association looks
like:
::
.. code-block:: xml
[xml]
<entity class="MyProject\Article">
<many-to-one field="author" target-entity="User" />
</entity>
@ -516,9 +506,8 @@ to the naming of the join-column/foreign key. The explicitly
defined mapping includes a ``<join-column />`` tag nested inside
the many-to-one association tag:
::
.. code-block:: xml
[xml]
<entity class="MyProject\Article">
<many-to-one field="author" target-entity="User">
<join-column name="author_id" referenced-column-name="id" />
@ -537,9 +526,8 @@ association. There exists no such thing as a uni-directional
one-to-many association, which means this association only ever
exists for bi-directional associations.
::
.. code-block:: xml
[xml]
<entity class="MyProject\User">
<one-to-many field="phonenumbers" target-entity="Phonenumber" mapped-by="user" />
</entity>
@ -566,9 +554,8 @@ From all the associations the many-to-many has the most complex
definition. When you rely on the mapping defaults you can omit many
definitions and rely on their implicit values.
::
.. code-block:: xml
[xml]
<entity class="MyProject\User">
<many-to-many field="groups" target-entity="Group" />
</entity>
@ -596,9 +583,8 @@ The mapping defaults would lead to a join-table with the name
"User\_Group" being created that contains two columns "user\_id"
and "group\_id". The explicit definition of this mapping would be:
::
.. code-block:: xml
[xml]
<entity class="MyProject\User">
<many-to-many field="groups" target-entity="Group">
<join-table name="cms_users_groups">
@ -626,9 +612,8 @@ related entities. You can specify the cascade operations in the
``<cascade />`` element inside any of the association mapping
tags.
::
.. code-block:: xml
[xml]
<entity class="MyProject\User">
<many-to-many field="groups" target-entity="Group">
<cascade>
@ -677,9 +662,8 @@ Defining Order of To-Many Associations
You can require one-to-many or many-to-many associations to be
retrieved using an additional ``ORDER BY``.
::
.. code-block:: xml
[xml]
<entity class="MyProject\User">
<many-to-many field="groups" target-entity="Group">
<order-by>
@ -695,9 +679,8 @@ To define additional indexes or unique constraints on the entities
table you can use the ``<indexes />`` and
``<unique-constraints />`` elements:
::
.. code-block:: xml
[xml]
<entity name="Doctrine\Tests\ORM\Mapping\User" table="cms_users">
<indexes>

509
manual/en/xml-mapping.txt
View File

@ -1,509 +0,0 @@
The XML mapping driver enables you to provide the ORM metadata in form of XML documents.
The XML driver is backed by an XML Schema document that describes the structure of a mapping document. The most recent version of the XML Schema document is available online at [http://www.doctrine-project.org/schemas/orm/doctrine-mapping.xsd](http://www.doctrine-project.org/schemas/orm/doctrine-mapping.xsd). In order to point to the latest version of the document of a particular stable release branch, just append the release number, i.e.: doctrine-mapping-2.0.xsd The most convenient way to work with XML mapping files is to use an IDE/editor that can provide code-completion based on such an XML Schema document. The following is an outline of a XML mapping document with the proper xmlns/xsi setup for the latest code in trunk.
[xml]
<doctrine-mapping xmlns="http://doctrine-project.org/schemas/orm/doctrine-mapping"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://doctrine-project.org/schemas/orm/doctrine-mapping
http://doctrine-project.org/schemas/orm/doctrine-mapping.xsd">
...
</doctrine-mapping>
The XML mapping document of a class is loaded on-demand the first time it is requested and subsequently stored in the metadata cache. In order to work, this requires certain conventions:
* Each entity/mapped superclass must get its own dedicated XML mapping document.
* The name of the mapping document must consist of the fully qualified name of the class, where namespace
separators are replaced by dots (.). For example an Entity with the fully qualified class-name "MyProject\Entities\User"
would require a mapping file "MyProject.Entities.User.dcm.xml" unless the extension is changed.
* All mapping documents should get the extension ".dcm.xml" to identify it as a Doctrine mapping file. This is more of
a convention and you are not forced to do this. You can change the file extension easily enough.
-
<?php
$driver->setFileExtension('.xml');
It is recommended to put all XML mapping documents in a single folder but you can spread the documents over several folders if you want to. In order to tell the XmlDriver where to look for your mapping documents, supply an array of paths as the first argument of the constructor, like this:
<?php
$config = new \Doctrine\ORM\Configuration();
$driver = new \Doctrine\ORM\Mapping\Driver\XmlDriver(array('/path/to/files1', '/path/to/files2'));
$config->setMetadataDriverImpl($driver);
## Example
As a quick start, here is a small example document that makes use of several common elements:
[xml]
// Doctrine.Tests.ORM.Mapping.User.dcm.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<doctrine-mapping xmlns="http://doctrine-project.org/schemas/orm/doctrine-mapping"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://doctrine-project.org/schemas/orm/doctrine-mapping
http://www.doctrine-project.org/schemas/orm/doctrine-mapping.xsd">
<entity name="Doctrine\Tests\ORM\Mapping\User" table="cms_users">
<indexes>
<index name="name_idx" columns="name"/>
<index columns="user_email"/>
</indexes>
<unique-constraints>
<unique-constraint columns="name,user_email" name="search_idx" />
</unique-constraints>
<lifecycle-callbacks>
<lifecycle-callback type="prePersist" method="doStuffOnPrePersist"/>
<lifecycle-callback type="prePersist" method="doOtherStuffOnPrePersistToo"/>
<lifecycle-callback type="postPersist" method="doStuffOnPostPersist"/>
</lifecycle-callbacks>
<id name="id" type="integer" column="id">
<generator strategy="AUTO"/>
<sequence-generator sequence-name="tablename_seq" allocation-size="100" initial-value="1" />
</id>
<field name="name" column="name" type="string" length="50" nullable="true" unique="true" />
<field name="email" column="user_email" type="string" column-definition="CHAR(32) NOT NULL" />
<one-to-one field="address" target-entity="Address" inversed-by="user">
<cascade><cascade-remove /></cascade>
<join-column name="address_id" referenced-column-name="id" on-delete="CASCADE" on-update="CASCADE"/>
</one-to-one>
<one-to-many field="phonenumbers" target-entity="Phonenumber" mapped-by="user">
<cascade>
<cascade-persist/>
</cascade>
<order-by>
<order-by-field name="number" direction="ASC" />
</order-by>
</one-to-many>
<many-to-many field="groups" target-entity="Group">
<cascade>
<cascade-all/>
</cascade>
<join-table name="cms_users_groups">
<join-columns>
<join-column name="user_id" referenced-column-name="id" nullable="false" unique="false" />
</join-columns>
<inverse-join-columns>
<join-column name="group_id" referenced-column-name="id" column-definition="INT NULL" />
</inverse-join-columns>
</join-table>
</many-to-many>
</entity>
</doctrine-mapping>
Be aware that class-names specified in the XML files should be fully qualified.
## XML-Element Reference
The XML-Element reference explains all the tags and attributes that the Doctrine Mapping XSD Schema defines.
You should read the Basic-, Association- and Inheritance Mapping chapters to understand what each of this
definitions means in detail.
### Defining an Entity
Each XML Mapping File contains the definition of one entity, specified as the `<entity />` element
as a direct child of the `<doctrine-mapping />` element:
[xml]
<doctrine-mapping>
<entity name="MyProject\User" table="cms_users" repository-class="MyProject\UserRepository">
<!-- definition here -->
</entity>
</doctrine-mapping>
Required attributes:
* name - The fully qualified class-name of the entity.
Optional attributes:
* table - The Table-Name to be used for this entity. Otherwise the Unqualified Class-Name is used by default.
* repository-class - The fully qualified class-name of an alternative `Doctrine\ORM\EntityRepository` implementation to be used with this entity.
* inheritance-type - The type of inheritance, defaults to none. A more detailed description follows in the *Defining Inheritance Mappings* section.
### Defining Fields
Each entity class can contain zero to infinite fields that are managed by Doctrine. You can define
them using the `<field />` element as a children to the `<entity />` element. The field element is only
used for primitive types that are not the ID of the entity. For the ID mapping you have to use the `<id />` element.
[xml]
<entity name="MyProject\User">
<field name="name" type="string" length="50" />
<field name="username" type="string" unique="true" />
<field name="age" type="integer" nullable="true" />
<field name="isActive" column="is_active" type="boolean" />
<field name="weight" type="decimal" scale="5" precision="2" />
</entity>
Required attributes:
* name - The name of the Property/Field on the given Entity PHP class.
Optional attributes:
* type - The `Doctrine\DBAL\Types\Type` name, defaults to "string"
* column - Name of the column in the database, defaults to the field name.
* length - The length of the given type, for use with strings only.
* unique - Should this field contain a unique value across the table? Defaults to false.
* nullable - Should this field allow NULL as a value? Defaults to false.
* version - Should this field be used for optimistic locking? Only works on fields with type integer or datetime.
* scale - Scale of a decimal type.
* precision - Precision of a decimal type.
* column-definition - Optional alternative SQL representation for this column. This definition begin after the
field-name and has to specify the complete column definition. Using this feature will turn this field dirty
for Schema-Tool update commands at all times.
### Defining Identity and Generator Strategies
An entity has to have at least one `<id />` element. For composite keys you can specify more than one id-element,
however surrogate keys are recommended for use with Doctrine 2. The Id field allows to define properties of
the identifier and allows a subset of the `<field />` element attributes:
[xml]
<entity name="MyProject\User">
<id name="id" type="integer" column="user_id" />
</entity>
Required attributes:
* name - The name of the Property/Field on the given Entity PHP class.
* type - The `Doctrine\DBAL\Types\Type` name, preferably "string" or "integer".
Optional attributes:
* column - Name of the column in the database, defaults to the field name.
Using the simplified definition above Doctrine will use no identifier strategy for this entity. That means
you have to manually set the identifier before calling `EntityManager#persist($entity)`. This is the
so called `ASSIGNED` strategy.
If you want to switch the identifier generation strategy you have to nest a `<generator />` element inside
the id-element. This of course only works for surrogate keys. For composite keys you always have to use
the `ASSIGNED` strategy.
[xml]
<entity name="MyProject\User">
<id name="id" type="integer" column="user_id">
<generator strategy="AUTO" />
</id>
</entity>
The following values are allowed for the `<generator />` strategy attribute:
* AUTO - Automatic detection of the identifier strategy based on the preferred solution of the database vendor.
* IDENTITY - Use of a IDENTIFY strategy such as Auto-Increment IDs available to Doctrine AFTER the INSERT statement has been executed.
* SEQUENCE - Use of a database sequence to retrieve the entity-ids. This is possible before the INSERT statement is executed.
If you are using the SEQUENCE strategy you can define an additional element to describe the sequence:
[xml]
<entity name="MyProject\User">
<id name="id" type="integer" column="user_id">
<generator strategy="SEQUENCE" />
<sequence-generator sequence-name="user_seq" allocation-size="5" initial-value="1" />
</id>
</entity>
Required attributes for `<sequence-generator />`:
* sequence-name - The name of the sequence
Optional attributes for `<sequence-generator />`:
* allocation-size - By how much steps should the sequence be incremented when a value is retrieved. Defaults to 1
* initial-value - What should the initial value of the sequence be.
> **NOTE**
>
> If you want to implement a cross-vendor compatible application you have to specify <generator strategy="AUTO" /> and
> additionally define the <sequence-generator /> element, if Doctrine chooses the sequence strategy for a platform.
### Defining a Mapped Superclass
Sometimes you want to define a class that multiple entities inherit from, which itself is not an entity however.
The chapter on *Inheritance Mapping* describes a Mapped Superclass in detail. You can define it in XML using
the `<mapped-superclass />` tag.
[xml]
<doctrine-mapping>
<mapped-superclass name="MyProject\BaseClass">
<field name="created" type="datetime" />
<field name="updated" type="datetime" />
</mapped-superclass>
</doctrine-mapping>
Required attributes:
* name - Class name of the mapped superclass.
You can nest any number of `<field />` and unidirectional `<many-to-one />` or `<one-to-one />` associations inside
a mapped superclass.
### Defining Inheritance Mappings
There are currently two inheritance persistence strategies that you can choose from when defining entities that
inherit from each other. Single Table inheritance saves the fields of the complete inheritance hierarchy in a single table,
joined table inheritance creates a table for each entity combining the fields using join conditions.
You can specify the inheritance type in the `<entity />` element and then use the `<discriminator-column />` and
`<discriminator-mapping />` attributes.
[xml]
<entity name="MyProject\Animal" inheritance-type="JOINED">
<discriminator-column name="discr" type="string" />
<discriminator-map>
<discriminator-mapping value="cat" class="MyProject\Cat" />
<discriminator-mapping value="dog" class="MyProject\Dog" />
<discriminator-mapping value="mouse" class="MyProject\Mouse" />
</discriminator-map>
</entity>
The allowed values for inheritance-type attribute are `JOINED` or `SINGLE_TABLE`.
> **NOTE**
>
> All inheritance related definitions have to be defined on the root entity of the hierarchy.
### Defining Lifecycle Callbacks
You can define the lifecycle callback methods on your entities using the `<lifecycle-callbacks />` element:
[xml]
<entity name="Doctrine\Tests\ORM\Mapping\User" table="cms_users">
<lifecycle-callbacks>
<lifecycle-callback type="prePersist" method="onPrePersist" />
</lifecycle-callbacks>
</entity>
### Defining One-To-One Relations
You can define One-To-One Relations/Associations using the `<one-to-one />` element. The required
and optional attributes depend on the associations being on the inverse or owning side.
For the inverse side the mapping is as simple as:
[xml]
<entity class="MyProject\User">
<one-to-one field="address" target-entity="Address" mapped-by="user" />
</entity>
Required attributes for inverse One-To-One:
* field - Name of the property/field on the entity's PHP class.
* target-entity - Name of the entity associated entity class. If this is not qualified the namespace of the current class is prepended. *IMPORTANT:* No leading backslash!
* mapped-by - Name of the field on the owning side (here Address entity) that contains the owning side association.
For the owning side this mapping would look like:
[xml]
<entity class="MyProject\Address">
<one-to-one field="user" target-entity="User" inversed-by="address" />
</entity>
Required attributes for owning One-to-One:
* field - Name of the property/field on the entity's PHP class.
* target-entity - Name of the entity associated entity class. If this is not qualified the namespace of the current class is prepended. *IMPORTANT:* No leading backslash!
Optional attributes for owning One-to-One:
* inversed-by - If the association is bidirectional the inversed-by attribute has to be specified with the name of the field on the inverse entity that contains the back-reference.
* orphan-removal - If true, the inverse side entity is always deleted when the owning side entity is. Defaults to false.
* fetch - Either LAZY or FETCH, defaults to LAZY. This attribute makes only sense on the owning side, the inverse side *ALWAYS* has to use the `FETCH` strategy.
The definition for the owning side relies on a bunch of mapping defaults for the join column names.
Without the nested `<join-column />` element Doctrine assumes to foreign key to be called `user_id` on the Address
Entities table. This is because the `MyProject\Address` entity is the owning side of this association, which means
it contains the foreign key.
The completed explicitly defined mapping is:
[xml]
<entity class="MyProject\Address">
<one-to-one field="user" target-entity="User" inversed-by="address">
<join-column name="user_id" referenced-column-name="id" />
</one-to-one>
</entity>
### Defining Many-To-One Associations
The many-to-one association is *ALWAYS* the owning side of any bidirectional association. This simplifies the mapping
compared to the one-to-one case. The minimal mapping for this association looks like:
[xml]
<entity class="MyProject\Article">
<many-to-one field="author" target-entity="User" />
</entity>
Required attributes:
* field - Name of the property/field on the entity's PHP class.
* target-entity - Name of the entity associated entity class. If this is not qualified the namespace of the current class is prepended. *IMPORTANT:* No leading backslash!
Optional attributes:
* inversed-by - If the association is bidirectional the inversed-by attribute has to be specified with the name of the field on the inverse entity that contains the back-reference.
* orphan-removal - If true the entity on the inverse side is always deleted when the owning side entity is and it is not connected to any other owning side entity anymore. Defaults to false.
* fetch - Either LAZY or FETCH, defaults to LAZY.
This definition relies on a bunch of mapping defaults with regards to the naming of the join-column/foreign key. The
explicitly defined mapping includes a `<join-column />` tag nested inside the many-to-one association tag:
[xml]
<entity class="MyProject\Article">
<many-to-one field="author" target-entity="User">
<join-column name="author_id" referenced-column-name="id" />
</many-to-one>
</entity>
The join-column attribute `name` specifies the column name of the foreign key and
the `referenced-column-name` attribute specifies the name of the primary key column
on the User entity.
### Defining One-To-Many Associations
The one-to-many association is *ALWAYS* the inverse side of any association. There exists no such thing as a
uni-directional one-to-many association, which means this association only ever exists for bi-directional associations.
[xml]
<entity class="MyProject\User">
<one-to-many field="phonenumbers" target-entity="Phonenumber" mapped-by="user" />
</entity>
Required attributes:
* field - Name of the property/field on the entity's PHP class.
* target-entity - Name of the entity associated entity class. If this is not qualified the namespace of the current class is prepended. *IMPORTANT:* No leading backslash!
* mapped-by - Name of the field on the owning side (here Phonenumber entity) that contains the owning side association.
Optional attributes:
* fetch - Either LAZY or FETCH, defaults to LAZY.
### Defining Many-To-Many Associations
From all the associations the many-to-many has the most complex definition. When you rely on the mapping defaults
you can omit many definitions and rely on their implicit values.
[xml]
<entity class="MyProject\User">
<many-to-many field="groups" target-entity="Group" />
</entity>
Required attributes:
* field - Name of the property/field on the entity's PHP class.
* target-entity - Name of the entity associated entity class. If this is not qualified the namespace of the current class is prepended. *IMPORTANT:* No leading backslash!
Optional attributes:
* mapped-by - Name of the field on the owning side that contains the owning side association if the defined many-to-many association is on the inverse side.
* inversed-by - If the association is bidirectional the inversed-by attribute has to be specified with the name of the field on the inverse entity that contains the back-reference.
* fetch - Either LAZY or FETCH, defaults to LAZY.
The mapping defaults would lead to a join-table with the name "User_Group" being created that contains two columns
"user_id" and "group_id". The explicit definition of this mapping would be:
[xml]
<entity class="MyProject\User">
<many-to-many field="groups" target-entity="Group">
<join-table name="cms_users_groups">
<join-columns>
<join-column name="user_id" referenced-column-name="id"/>
</join-columns>
<inverse-join-columns>
<join-column name="group_id" referenced-column-name="id"/>
</inverse-join-columns>
</join-table>
</many-to-many>
</entity>
Here both the `<join-columns>` and `<inverse-join-columns>` tags are necessary to tell Doctrine for which side the
specified join-columns apply. These are nested inside a `<join-table />` attribute which allows to specify
the table name of the many-to-many join-table.
### Cascade Element
Doctrine allows cascading of several UnitOfWork operations to related entities. You can specify the cascade
operations in the `<cascade />` element inside any of the association mapping tags.
[xml]
<entity class="MyProject\User">
<many-to-many field="groups" target-entity="Group">
<cascade>
<cascade-all/>
</cascade>
</many-to-many>
</entity>
Besides `<cascade-all />` the following operations can be specified by their respective tags:
* `<cascade-persist />`
* `<cascade-merge />`
* `<cascade-remove />`
* `<cascade-refresh />`
### Join Column Element
In any explicitly defined association mapping you will need the `<join-column />` tag. It defines how the
foreign key and primary key names are called that are used for joining two entities.
Required attributes:
* name - The column name of the foreign key.
* referenced-column-name - The column name of the associated entities primary key
Optional attributes:
* unique - If the join column should contain a UNIQUE constraint. This makes sense for Many-To-Many join-columns only to simulate a one-to-many unidirectional using a join-table.
* nullable - should the join column be nullable, defaults to true.
* on-delete - Foreign Key Cascade action to perform when entity is deleted, defaults to NO ACTION/RESTRICT but can be set to "CASCADE".
### Defining Order of To-Many Associations
You can require one-to-many or many-to-many associations to be retrieved using an additional `ORDER BY`.
[xml]
<entity class="MyProject\User">
<many-to-many field="groups" target-entity="Group">
<order-by>
<order-by-field name="name" direction="ASC" />
</order-by>
</many-to-many>
</entity>
### Defining Indexes or Unique Constraints
To define additional indexes or unique constraints on the entities table you can use the
`<indexes />` and `<unique-constraints />` elements:
[xml]
<entity name="Doctrine\Tests\ORM\Mapping\User" table="cms_users">
<indexes>
<index name="name_idx" columns="name"/>
<index columns="user_email"/>
</indexes>
<unique-constraints>
<unique-constraint columns="name,user_email" name="search_idx" />
</unique-constraints>
</entity>
You have to specify the column and not the entity-class field names in the index and unique-constraint
definitions.

6
manual/en/yaml-mapping.rst
View File

@ -1,3 +1,6 @@
YAML Mapping
============
The YAML mapping driver enables you to provide the ORM metadata in
form of YAML documents.
@ -42,9 +45,8 @@ Example
As a quick start, here is a small example document that makes use
of several common elements:
::
.. code-block:: yaml
[yml]
# Doctrine.Tests.ORM.Mapping.User.dcm.yml
Doctrine\Tests\ORM\Mapping\User:
type: entity

66
manual/en/yaml-mapping.txt
View File

@ -1,66 +0,0 @@
The YAML mapping driver enables you to provide the ORM metadata in form of YAML documents.
The YAML mapping document of a class is loaded on-demand the first time it is requested and subsequently stored in the metadata cache. In order to work, this requires certain conventions:
* Each entity/mapped superclass must get its own dedicated YAML mapping document.
* The name of the mapping document must consist of the fully qualified name of the class, where namespace separators are replaced by dots (.).
* All mapping documents should get the extension ".dcm.yml" to identify it as a Doctrine mapping file. This is more of a convention and you are not forced to do this. You can change the file extension easily enough.
-
<?php
$driver->setFileExtension('.yml');
It is recommended to put all YAML mapping documents in a single folder but you can spread the documents over several folders if you want to. In order to tell the YamlDriver where to look for your mapping documents, supply an array of paths as the first argument of the constructor, like this:
<?php
// $config instanceof Doctrine\ORM\Configuration
$driver = new YamlDriver(array('/path/to/files'));
$config->setMetadataDriverImpl($driver);
## Example
As a quick start, here is a small example document that makes use of several common elements:
[yml]
# Doctrine.Tests.ORM.Mapping.User.dcm.yml
Doctrine\Tests\ORM\Mapping\User:
type: entity
table: cms_users
id:
id:
type: integer
generator:
strategy: AUTO
fields:
name:
type: string
length: 50
oneToOne:
address:
targetEntity: Address
joinColumn:
name: address_id
referencedColumnName: id
oneToMany:
phonenumbers:
targetEntity: Phonenumber
mappedBy: user
cascade: cascadePersist
manyToMany:
groups:
targetEntity: Group
joinTable:
name: cms_users_groups
joinColumns:
user_id:
referencedColumnName: id
inverseJoinColumns:
group_id:
referencedColumnName: id
lifecycleCallbacks:
prePersist: [ doStuffOnPrePersist, doOtherStuffOnPrePersistToo ]
postPersist: [ doStuffOnPostPersist ]
Be aware that class-names specified in the YAML files should be fully qualified.